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In Senegal, the widespread use of vector control measures has resulted in a significant reduction in the malaria burden and led the country to consider the possibility of elimination. Given this shift and changing context, it is important to characterize the malaria burden across all age groups to guide decision-making on programmatic interventions to interrupt transmission and ultimately eradicate the disease. In Senegal, there is a lack of information on malaria prevalence among certain populations, particularly among adolescents and adults. This study sought to assess the magnitude of malaria infections in all age groups, as well as malaria associated factors in an area of persistent transmission in Senegal. A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in four health posts (Khossanto, Mamakhona, Diakhaling and Sambrambougou), of the health district of Saraya, in November 2021, among individuals over 6 months of age. Households were selected using multistage sampling. Consented participants were screened for malaria parasites by microscopic examination of blood smears, and hemoglobin levels were measured using the Hemocue HB 301TM analyzer. Socio-demographic information of the participants, household heads, household assets, and information on ownership and use of preventive measures were collected using a structured questionnaire. Weighted generalized mixed effects logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with microscopically confirmed malaria infection. A total of 1759 participants were enrolled in the study. Overall, about 21% of participants were classified as having Plasmodium infection; children aged 5-10 years old (26.6%), adolescents aged 10-19 years old (24.7%), and children under five years of age (20.5%) had higher rates of infection compared to adults (13.5%). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 99.2% of the malaria infections, and most infections (69%) were asymptomatic. Around one-third of study participants had anemia (hemoglobin level <11.0 g/dl), with under five children bearing the highest burden (67.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that the odds of having a malaria infection were around 2 times higher among participants in Khossanto compared to Diakhaling (aOR = 1.84, 95% CI:1.06-3.20). Participants aged 5-9 years were more likely to have malaria infection compared to under five children (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI:1.02-1.91). Factors associated with anemia were P. falciparum infection (aOR = 1.36, p = 0.027), females (aOR = 2.16, p = 0.000), under-five age group (aOR = 13.01, p = 0.000). Malaria burden was considerable among adolescents and under ten children living in an area of persistent transmission, with adolescents more commonly presenting as asymptomatic. Interventions tailored to this specific group of the population are needed to better control the disease and reduce its burden.

The reaction between two equivalents of dimethyl N -cyanodithioiminocarbonate, [(MeS) 2 C=N–C≡N] ( 1 ), one equivalent of n -butyltin trichloride, Sn( n -Bu)Cl 3 and one equivalent of sodium hydroxide, NaOH led to isolation of a dinuclear complex {[Sn( n -Bu)Cl 2 (OH)(H 2 O)] 2 } ( 2 ) which co-crystallized with four [(MeS) 2 C=N–C≡N] molecules, {[Sn( n -Bu)Cl 2 (OH)(H 2 O)] 2 [(CH 3 S) 2 C=N–C≡N] 4 } ( 3 ). The compound was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Compound 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 ¯ with a  = 9.8208(15), b  = 11.2664(17), c  = 12.0446(18) Å, α  = 106.236(5), β  = 111.510(5), γ  = 97.710(6)°, V  = 1147.9(3) Å 3 , Z  = 1 and Z′ = 0.5. In the complex, two aqua- n -butyltinhydroxide dichloride moieties, [Sn( n -Bu)Cl 2 (OH)(H 2 O)], are bridged by the hydroxides. The hydroxide bridges bond lengths describe a static trans effect yielding a dissymmetry in Sn–O bonding. Two inner O2–H2D⋯Cl1 hydrogen bonds strengthen the dinuclear component. The dimethyl N -cyanodithioiminocarbonate molecules are linked to the dinuclear component through the hydroxide bridges and the water molecules by O1–H1⋯N2A and O2–H2C⋯N2B hydrogen bonding patterns of D type, respectively. The [(MeS) 2 C=N–C≡N] molecules exhibit a positional disorder. These hydrogen bonding interactions lead to cyclic patterns generating R 1 1 (6) and R 2 2 (8) rings. Additional C–H⋯Cl and C–H⋯N hydrogen bond patterns also contribute to the crystal structure framework: they give rise to a 3D structure. Graphical Abstract Reacting with n -BuSnCl 3 and NaOH in an aqueous mixed solvent, dimethyl N -cyanodithioiminocarbonate, (MeS) 2 C=N–C≡N forms a co-crystalline 4:1 assembly with the bimetallic organotin(IV) complex, [Sn( n -Bu)Cl 2 (OH)(H 2 O)] 2 , whose single crystal XRD analysis exhibits a 3D hydrogen bonded structure.

Three organotin (IV) derivatives PhPO3HSnBu2Cl, SnBu2Ph2PO2Cl×3/2H2O, Sn(PhPO3)Cl2×2H2O obtained on allowing PhPO3H2 or propylammonium PhPO3H to react with SnBu2Cl2, SnCl2×2H2O and two adducts [(C6H5CH2)2NH2]3O2C(CH2)2PO3×3SnPh3Cl, [CyNH3(HO2POCH2-N(CH2CO2H)2]2×3SnCl4.2H2O×NH4Cl obtained on allowing (C6H5CH2)NH2)3O2C(CH2)2PO3 or [CyNH3(HO2POCH2-N(CH2 CO2H)2]2 and SnPh3Cl or SnCl2×2H2O to react in ethanolic media have been characterized by elemental analyses, infrared and Mossbauer techniques. The suggested structures, while considering the anionic counterpart, are discrete, dimeric, double and triple metallic components or of infinite chain types, the anion behaving as a monochelating, a bichelating or a bidentate ligand. In OH containing structures, when extra hydrogen bonds are considered, supramolecular architectures may be obtained.

Four new adducts catena-O,O′-glutaratotriphenylstannate, [(Me4N)2O2C(CH2)3CO2×4SnPh3Cl] (1), [(Me4N)2O2C(CH2)3CO2×3SnPh3Cl] (2), [(SnPh3)2O2C(CH2)3CO2×SnPh3Cl] (2′) and [(Cy2NH2)2O2C(CH2)3CO2×SnPh3Cl] (3), have been isolated from the reactions carried out in solution. The compounds have been characterized by FT-IR and Mössbauer spectroscopies except for 2’ whose structure is proposed on the basis of FT-IR data. Overall, the spectra studies sheew existence of several caracteristic bands such as υ (C=O), υ (CO2–), υ (Sn–O), υ (Sn–Cl), vibrations of glutarate ions, and the intense doublet showing the presence of phenyl groups. In the solid state, the suggested structures are discrete or of infinite chain. In this work, the geometry at Sn centers, trigonal bipyramidal or tetrahedral, is ascertained by the Mössbauer parameters. The glutarate ions exhibit a monodentate, tridentate or tetradentate coordination behavior towards the Sn atoms.  

The reaction between two equivalents of dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate, [(MeS).sub.2C=N-C[identical to]N] (1), one equivalent of n-butyltin trichloride, Sn(n-Bu)Cl.sub.3 and one equivalent of sodium hydroxide, NaOH led to isolation of a dinuclear complex [Sn(n-Bu)Cl.sub.2(OH)(H.sub.2O)].sub.2 (2) which co-crystallized with four [(MeS).sub.2C=N-C[identical to]N] molecules, [Sn(n-Bu)Cl.sub.2(OH)(H.sub.2O)].sub.2[(CH.sub.3S).sub.2C=N-C[identical to]N].sub.4 (3). The compound was investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Compound 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P [Formula omitted] with a = 9.8208(15), b = 11.2664(17), c = 12.0446(18) Å, [alpha] = 106.236(5), [beta] = 111.510(5), [gamma] = 97.710(6)°, V = 1147.9(3) Å.sup.3, Z = 1 and Z' = 0.5. In the complex, two aqua-n-butyltinhydroxide dichloride moieties, [Sn(n-Bu)Cl.sub.2(OH)(H.sub.2O)], are bridged by the hydroxides. The hydroxide bridges bond lengths describe a static trans effect yielding a dissymmetry in Sn-O bonding. Two inner O2-H2D[midline horizontal ellipsis]Cl1 hydrogen bonds strengthen the dinuclear component. The dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate molecules are linked to the dinuclear component through the hydroxide bridges and the water molecules by O1-H1[midline horizontal ellipsis]N2A and O2-H2C[midline horizontal ellipsis]N2B hydrogen bonding patterns of D type, respectively. The [(MeS).sub.2C=N-C[identical to]N] molecules exhibit a positional disorder. These hydrogen bonding interactions lead to cyclic patterns generating [Formula omitted](6) and [Formula omitted](8) rings. Additional C-H[midline horizontal ellipsis]Cl and C-H[midline horizontal ellipsis]N hydrogen bond patterns also contribute to the crystal structure framework: they give rise to a 3D structure. Graphical Reacting with n-BuSnCl.sub.3 and NaOH in an aqueous mixed solvent, dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate, (MeS).sub.2C=N-C[identical to]N forms a co-crystalline 4:1 assembly with the bimetallic organotin(IV) complex, [Sn(n-Bu)Cl.sub.2(OH)(H.sub.2O)].sub.2, whose single crystal XRD analysis exhibits a 3D hydrogen bonded structure.

Four new carboxyalkylphosphonate SnR2 residue (R = Me, Ph, Bu) containing adducts and derivatives i.e. {(Cy2NH2)3(O2CCH2PO3)(SnBu2Cl2)} (1), {[(SnMe2Cl)(O2CCH2PO3H2)]4[Cy2NH2Cl]} (2), {(Me4N)(SnPh2Cl)[O2C(CH2)2 PO3H](SnPh2)[O2C(CH2)2PO3H]} (3) and {(Cy2NH2)2(O2CCH2PO3H)(SnPh2Cl2)2} (4), have been synthesized from one-pot reactions carried out in solution. All compounds have been investigated by spectral techniques (infrared and Mossbauer). The spectral studies have evidenced presence of several characteristic bands, especially υ (C=O), υ (OH), υ (CO2- ), υ (PO32- ) vibrations coming from carboxyalkylphosphonate ions, with wide absorption due to the NH2 groups coming from the dicyclohexylammonium counter ion (for 1, 2 and 4) and the intense doublet which show the presence of phenyl groups (for 3 and 4). In the solid state, the proposed structures are discrete or of infinite chain however hydrogen bonding patterns may occur. Event in this investigation is the presence, for compound 3, of two types of arrangement at Sn centers viz. an octahedron and a trigonal bipyramidal whose presence are ascertained by the Mossbauer parameters. The neutral or acidic carboxyalkylphosphonate ions exhibit a diversity of coordination behavior towards the Sn atoms: monochelating (carboxylate and phosphonate O-donor), monochelating through the carboxylate and unidentate coordinating O-donor through the phosphonic acid or acidic phosphonate, bichelating with chelations from carboxylate and acidic phosphonate, and unidentate from both the carboxylate and phosphonic acid.

Eight new adducts and derivatives have been synthesized and studied by infrared. Discrete, layered or infinite chain structures are suggested with an oxalate behaving as a monodentate, bidentate, monochelating or bichelating ligand, the environment around the tin centres being tetrahedral, cis trigonal bipyramidal or octahedral. In all the studied compounds, supramolecular architectures may be obtained when intermolecular hydrogen bonds are considered.

The synthesis and spectroscopic studies (infrared and Mössbauer) of new hydrogenoxalato derivatives and adducts containing SnRn (R=Me, Ph; n=2, 3) residues are reported. Based on their spectroscopic data dimeric and polymeric structures containing hexacoordinated or pentacoordinated Sn are suggested, the hydrogenoxolate anion behaving as a monocoordinating or a monochelating ligand. In two studied adducts, supramolecular architectures may be obtained when extra hydrogen bonds involving the free NH groups are considered.

Two MX2 (M = Ni, Zn; X = Cl, Br) dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate compounds and one CrCl2 triphenylphosphine oxide complex were isolated and elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. NiCl2[(CH3S)2C═NC≡N]2 (1) features inversion-related hydrogen bonded dimers linked into chains interacting through C-H···Cl growing layers along [110] whose junction into a 3D structure is enabled by H-bonds. ZnBr2[(CH3S)2C═NC≡N]2 (2) also exhibits inversion-related H-bonded dimers. In contrast with 1, the structure of 2 comprises chains along [110], connected via C-H···Br and C-H···S into a 2D layer along [-110]. CrCl2(OPPh3)2 (3) obtaining undergone redox processes, oxidizing [CH3C(O)CH2PPh3]+ to form PPh3PO, and reducing Cr from CrVI to CrII. In the structure, each molecule is linked to height neighbors through H-bonds affording a 3D network.

Two MX2 (M = Ni, Zn; X = Cl, Br) dimethyl N-cyanodithioiminocarbonate compounds and one CrCl2 triphenylphosphine oxide complex were isolated and elucidated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. NiCl2[(CH3S)2C?NC=N]2 (1) features inversion-related hydrogen bonded dimers linked into chains interacting through C-H Cl growing layers along [110] whose junction into a 3D structure is enabled by H-bonds. ZnBr2[(CH3S)2C?NC=N]2 (2) also exhibits inversion-related H-bonded dimers. In contrast with 1, the structure of 2 comprises chains along [110], connected via C-H Br and C-H S into a 2D layer along [-110]. CrCl2(OPPh3)2 (3) obtaining undergone redox processes, oxidizing [CH3C(O)CH2PPh3]+ to form PPh3PO, and reducing Cr from CrVI to CrII. In the structure, each molecule is linked to height neighbors through H-bonds affording a 3D network.