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The role of economic factors, particularly income and consumption, in the wellbeing of a population is well documented. The well-being, however, does not depend solely on these factors, social indicators such as life expectancy, health, education and nutrition serve an important complementary function [Linnemayr, et al. (2008)]. The most significant social problems in many developing countries including Pakistan are widespread child malnutrition, high infant mortality and low literacy. Child malnutrition is considered as the key risk factor for illness and death, contributing to more than half the deaths of children globally [Cheah, et al. (2010)]. It also affects the child morbidity rate and poses threat to their physical and mental development, which results in lower level of educational attainment [Chirwa and Ngalawa (2008)]. The recent literature therefore considers the nutrition status as an important dimension of individual wellbeing [Babatunde, Olagunju, and Fakayode (2011)].

The major objective of this paper to examine the determinants of child malnutrition, based on the Pakistan Panel Household Survey (PPHS-2010). The study has focused on individual (child), household and community variables to understand differentials in child malnutrition. Child illness, health status of their mothers and poverty status of households are the key factors utilized in this study to understand the malnutrition phenomenon. [PIDE Working paper]. URL:[http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/Working%20Paper/Child%20Malnutrition%20.pdf].

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of pleuroscopy in undiagnosed pleural effusions. Study Design: Cross-sectional study Place and Duration of Study: Pulmonology Department of Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital (PEMH), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2023. Methodology: This study selected ninety-eight patients having undiagnosed pleural effusions, aged 15-70 years. Both genders with symptoms of weight loss, fever, cough, and smoking were included through non-probability consecutive sampling. Informed consent was taken before enrolling patients, moderate sedation was given to the patients before the procedure. Complications were recorded. Results: A total of 98 patients with mean age of 56.6±7.6 years, 24(24.49%) were female, and 74(75.51%) male patients were included. 64(64.3%) patients had malignancy, 22(22.5%) had benign pleural effusions and findings of 13(12.2%) had remained undiagnosed or inconclusive. The diagnostic yield after pleuroscopy was reported to be 87.7%. Post-Pleuroscopy complications comprised an overall rate of 9.2%, were identified.  Conclusion: The study demonstrates that Pleuroscopy offers a high diagnostic yield in evaluating undiagnosed pleural effusions, confirming its effectiveness and safety. The findings of the study confirm that Pleuroscopy should be considered a valuable tool in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of exudative pleural effusions. Its precision and patient satisfaction support its wider use in clinical practice.

Globalization and modernization paradigms have forced the use of electronic technology for ease and conveniences of modern living. studies have proved that the use of e-technology has increased rapidly in the recent past, decreasing physical activity, reduction in resting energy expenditure compared to other activities and consequent increased caloric intake9. According to our study majority of the respondents used e-technology for the purpose of entertainment (68%). In this current study only the quantitative approach was adopted but in future a mixed method approach with a qualitative element including open ended questions as well as focus group discussion will help us give a greater insight and an in-depth thematic analysis would be valuable addition in identifying reasons for excessive e-technology use. The adolescence being a crucial period for controlling obesity, potential health education measures must be employed for raising awareness about healthy lifestyle practices among adolescents to lead a healthy, productive life and to decrease the burden of obesity related diseases in our society.