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The article discusses the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the working attachments of road machines and their adaptation to work in various conditions, due to the group equipping with single saw blades placed according to specially developed schemes. The main results of studies of the processes of interaction of a saw blade moving in space with a variable speed with ice during its mechanical destruction are presented. The conditions for conducting experimental studies, the composition and general structure of the main and auxiliary laboratory equipment used are described. The main results of laboratory research are stated. Taking these results into account, the specific energy intensity of the process under study was calculated, the graphs of the dependence of the specified parameter on the cutting speed were plotted, and conclusions were formulated on the work. The substantiation of rational operating parameters of saw blades is given, which ensure the minimum specific energy consumption of the process under study.

This paper concerns main results of research on interacting process of blade and ice during mechanical corrosion. It describes experimental research conditions and their main results. The paper shows argument of reasonable geometrical parameters of blades providing minimal storage density value of tested process.

Objectives of the TAIGA Astrophysical complex include the study of the flux of charged cosmic rays and diffuse gamma rays with energies above 100 TeV. This complex is located in the Tunka Valley about 50 km from Lake Baikal at the site of the Tunka-133 Cherenkov facility. TAIGA includes the TAIGA-HiSCORE wide-angle Cherenkov array, the network of Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (TAIGA-IACT), the Tunka-Grande and TAIGA-Muon scintillation arrays. In this work, we present the results of an analysis of the joint events of the Tunka-Grande scintillation array and TAIGA-HiSCORE and Tunka-133 Cherenkov facilities. The results verify sufficient accuracy of the scintillation experiment for the hybrid study of mass composition of cosmic rays and gamma-hadron separation.

The physical motivations, present status, main results in study of cosmic rays and in the field of gamma-ray astronomy as well future plans of the TAIGA-1 (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) project are presented. The TAIGA observatory addresses ground-based gamma-ray astronomy and astroparticle physics at energies from a few TeV to several PeV, as well as cosmic ray physics from 100 TeV to several EeV. The pilot TAIGA-1 complex is located in the Tunka valley, ~50 km west from the southern tip of the lake Baikal.

The Tunka-Grande experiment is a scintillation array with about 0.5 sq.km sensitive area at Tunka Valley, Siberia, for measuring charged particles and muons in extensive air showers (EASs). Tunka-Grande is optimized for cosmic ray studies in the energy range 10 PeV to about 1 EeV, where exploring the composition is of fundamental importance for understanding the transition from galactic to extragalactic origin of cosmic rays. This paper attempts to provide a synopsis of the current results of the experiment. In particular, the reconstruction of the all-particle energy spectrum in the range of 10 PeV to 1 EeV based on experimental data from four observation seasons is presented.

The High Energy Ray Observatory (HERO) is a project for a space experiment based on an ionization calorimeter to measure the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays. The effective geometric factor of the installation is not less than 12 m 2 sr for protons and not less than 16 m 2 sr for nuclei and electrons. During ~5–7 years of exposure, this mission will measure the element-by-element spectra of cosmic rays in the energy range 10 12 –10 16 eV/particle with a high energy resolution. A Monte Carlo simulation of the experiment using a borated scintillator as a part of the calorimeter is presented.

Vaccination has been identified as a critical method of disease control in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this review is to update information on vaccine development and to identify areas of concern that require further research. We reviewed the literature on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, their efficacy, and use in special populations, as well as current vaccination strategies. To date, 170 vaccines are in clinical development, with 41 being already approved for use in various countries. The majority of vaccines approved for human use are vector-, subunit-, DNA-, or mRNA-based vaccines, or inactivated viruses. Because of the ongoing mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, well-studied vector vaccines are losing relevance due to the ability of new virus strains to bypass neutralizing antibodies. Simultaneously, PS-based vaccines are becoming more popular. There is mounting evidence that the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines is linked to their clinical efficacy. This has resulted in a shift in vaccination strategies, as well as the use of booster doses and revaccination. Furthermore, vaccination restrictions for children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with chronic immunosuppressive diseases have been lifted, allowing more people to be vaccinated. New data on vaccine safety, including the incidence of serious adverse events, have been collected. Despite significant advances in the development of and research on COVID-19 vaccines, many questions remain that require further investigation.

The High-Energy Ray Observatory (HERO) is a space-based experiment designed to measure the spectrum and composition of cosmic rays using an ionization calorimeter. The instrument’s effective geometric factor is at least 12 m2·sr for protons and 16 m2·sr or more for nuclei and electrons. Over an exposure period of approximately 5 to 7 years, the mission will enable high-resolution, element-by-element measurements of cosmic ray spectra in the energy range of 1012 to 1016 eV per particle. A Monte Carlo simulation of the calorimeter—based on a scintillation detector with and without boron additives—was carried out using the GEANT4 software package. In this study, we examine the impact of boron additives in scintillator materials on energy resolution and their potential for discriminating between electromagnetic and hadronic components of cosmic rays. The primary objectives are to demonstrate that boron does not degrade detector characteristics and that it enables an additional timing-based method for cosmic-ray component rejection. The planned launch of the orbital experiment is scheduled for no earlier than 2029.

The physical motivations and performance of the TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) project are presented. The TAIGA observatory addresses ground-based gamma-ray astronomy at energies from a few TeV to several PeV, as well as cosmic ray physics from 100 TeV to several EeV and astroparticle physics. The pilot TAIGA-1 complex locates in the Tunka valley, km West from the southern tip of the lake Baikal. It includes integrated air Cherenkov TAIGA-HiSCORE array with 120 wide-angle optical stations distributed over on area 1.1 square kilometer about and three 4-m class Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes of the TAIGA-IACT array. The latter array has a shape of triangle with side lengths of about 300, 400 and 500 m. The integral sensitivity of the 1-km TAIGA-1 detector is about TeV cm s for detection of TeV gamma-rays in 300 hours of source observations. The combination of the wide-angle Cherenkov array and IACTs could offer a cost effective-way to build a large (up to 10 km ) array for very high energy gamma-ray astronomy. The reconstruction of a given EAS energy, incoming direction, and the core position, based on the TAIGA-HiSCORE data, allows one to increase the distance between the relatively expensive IACTs up to 600–800 m. These, together with the surface and underground electron/Muon detectors, will be used for selection of gamma-ray-induced EAS. Present status of the project, together with the current array description, the first experimental results and plans for the future are reported.

This paper presents the results of an analysis of observations of the Crab Nebula gamma-ray source with the first two atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes of the TAIGA (Tunka Advanced Instrument for cosmic ray physics and Gamma Astronomy) astrophysical complex in the stereo mode of observations. The article analyzed observational data from 2020 to 2021. Over 36 hours of observations, a signal was obtained at a statistical significance level of 5 and a spectrum of gamma rays was plotted in the energy range from 2 to 70 TeV. The paper describes a technique for gamma–hadron separation and reconstruction of detected gamma-rays energy.