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Since 2001, the United States has detained hundreds of foreign nationals at overseas facilities, raising the question of whether the Constitution applies extraterritorially to these detainees. The Supreme Court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush provided detainees being held at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, the right to petition for a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. But applying that holding in Al Maqaleh v. Gates, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C Circuit held that detainees held at Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, lack the ability to seek habeas relief. This Comment is principally a response to that decision. I argue that the district court in Al Maqaleh faithfully applied the Boumediene multifactor test for extending habeas extraterritorially in light of the Supreme Court's functional, pragmatic analysis in that case. By contrast, the D.C. Circuit employed a formalistic analysis and marginalized the separation of powers concern that animated Boumediene. In light of Boumediene, as well as the demands of the modern international system, the D.C. Circuit decision missed the mark, damaging extraterritoriality doctrine with regard to the Great Writ. This Comment also addresses extraterritoriality in the context of substantive rights. I argue that because the Supreme Court's current position on substantive rights—most recently articulated in United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez—formalistically limits such rights to the U.S. national community, it is outdated and conflicts with Boumediene. Since the lower courts have distinguished Boumediene and follow Verdugo-Urquidez, they wrongly continue to deny foreign nationals even basic substantive rights, despite the Supreme Court's move towards a more expansive application of constitutional protections. The Supreme Court has therefore left the two halves of extraterritoriality jurisprudence in unfortunate limbo. In light of the doctrinal shift toward functional tests and pragmatism (and away from bright-line rules), the Court shouldformulate a clear multifactor test for substantive rights. This would eliminate the current inconsistency and provide detainees the modicum of legal review necessary to legitimize U.S. detention policies.

BackgroundOral cavity cancer ranks sixth among all cancers worldwide. India has the most oral cancer cases and accounts for one-third of the global oral cancer burden. Oral cavity cancer is known to be associated with an elevated likelihood of locoregional recurrences, which account for the bulk of post-surgery and radiotherapy treatment failures. Mitomycin C (MMC) is an antineoplastic and antibiotic agent that is administered topically rather than intravenously to treat bladder and intraperitoneal tumors to avoid recurrences. This study aimed to investigate the use of injection MMC as a local application on surgical resection beds for patients undergoing surgery for oral cancer and to assess its efficacy in preventing regional recurrences.MethodologyIn this prospective, interventional, pilot study, patients were assigned randomly to two groups using simple randomization. Group A involved the application of two gauze pieces soaked with MMC injection. Group B involved the application of two gauze pieces soaked with a 10% betadine solution. During the pectoralis major myocutaneous flap harvest procedure for reconstruction, two gauze pieces soaked with either injection MMC solution (20 mg MMC in 20 mL of 0.9% normal saline) or 10% betadine solution were placed on the surgical resection bed for a 45-minute contact period. Patients were evaluated daily in the postoperative period for local complications. Regular follow-up visits were scheduled for 15 months of follow-up.ResultsAfter exclusions at various phases, the final analysis included 50 patients in Group A and 50 patients in Group B. Minor complications, specifically blackening of the skin flap in the neck resulting in surgical site infections, were observed in 16% (eight patients) of the MMC group and in 6% (three patients) of the betadine group (p = 0.1997) patients. In the MMC group, two (4%) patients experienced locoregional recurrences at three months, four (8%) patients at six months, six (12%) patients at nine months, eight (16%) patients at 12 months, and 10 (20%) patients at 15 months of follow-up. In contrast, locoregional recurrences occurred in two (4%) patients in the betadine group at three months, six (12%) patients at six months, nine (18%) patients at nine months, 12 (24%) patients at 12 months, and 15 (30%) patients at 15 months. Although the difference in locoregional recurrences between the two groups was not statistically significant, there was a trend of decreasing locoregional recurrences in the MMC group relative to the betadine group as the duration of follow-up increased. In the subgroup analysis of patients with pathological extranodal extension (ENE), only 10 of 18 patients with ENE in Group A (55.55%) experienced a recurrence, whereas all 12 patients with ENE in Group B (100%) experienced a recurrence within the same time frame. This difference in locoregional recurrence rates between the two groups was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.0100.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that the local administration of MMC on surgical resection beds may lower the risk of locoregional recurrences in patients with oral cancer, especially those with ENE. These findings contribute to the ongoing efforts to enhance treatment strategies and patient outcomes for this challenging malignancy.

The present study was carried out to assess the antibiotic resistance and to identify the resistance genes in from captive Bengal tigers at two Safari parks in Bangladesh. A number of 24 environmental fecal swab samples of Bengal tigers were collected from two different Safari parks in Bangladesh. For the isolation of , samples were submitted to a number of bacteriological screening and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Results demonstrated that 18 environmental fecal samples were positive to in bacteriological screening and biochemical test. The overall prevalence of in Bengal tiger was 75% ( = 18/24). The antibiogram study unveiled that all the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline were 89% ( = 16/18) resistant. On the contrary, 100% ( = 18/18) of the isolates were sensitive to colistin sulfate. was detected in 78% ( = 14/18) ampicillin-resistant isolates, whereas 2 was found in 31% ( = 5/16) of the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant isolates. This study, first time in Bangladesh, highlights a significant proportion of environmental fecal samples from captive Bengal tigers at Safari parks harboring antibiotic resistant . Transmission of resistant from Bengal tigers to humans and the environment could pose a public health risk at Safari parks in Bangladesh.

A number of techniques have been proposed earlier for feature extraction using image binarization. Efficiency of the techniques was dependent on proper threshold selection for the binarization method. In this paper, a new feature extraction technique using image binarization has been proposed. The technique has binarized the significant bit planes of an image by selecting local thresholds. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a public dataset and has been compared with existing widely used techniques using binarization for extraction of features. It has been inferred that the proposed method has outclassed all the existing techniques and has shown consistent classification performance.

The consumer behavior has been observed to be largely influenced by image data with increasing familiarity of smart phones and World Wide Web. Traditional technique of browsing through product varieties in the Internet with text keywords has been gradually replaced by the easy accessible image data. The importance of image data has portrayed a steady growth in application orientation for business domain with the advent of different image capturing devices and social media. The paper has described a methodology of feature extraction by image binarization technique for enhancing identification and retrieval of information using content based image recognition. The proposed algorithm was tested on two public datasets, namely, Wang dataset and Oliva and Torralba (OT-Scene) dataset with 3688 images on the whole. It has outclassed the state-of-the-art techniques in performance measure and has shown statistical significance.

Background and Aim: The emergence and rapid dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in different ecosystems is a growing concern to human health, animal health, and the environment in recent years. The study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from deer and nearby water sources at two different Safari parks in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A number of 55 fresh fecal samples of deer and six water samples from nearby lakes were collected from two Safari parks. Samples were processed, cultured, and carried out biochemical tests for E. coli. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. To identify the resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction was performed. Results: A total of 32 E. coli isolates from 55 fecal samples and 6 of 6 E. coli isolates from lake water were isolated. From fecal E. coli isolates, ampicillin and sulfamethoxazole were 90.63% (n=29/32) resistant and 87.5% (n=28/32) were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid. High resistance was also observed to other antibiotics. On the contrary, all E. coli isolates from water sources were 100% (n=6/6) resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. MDR was revealed in all water samples, whereas 96.88% (n=31/32) was found in fecal isolates. A number of blaTEM, tetA, and Sul2 genes were detected from both isolates. Conclusion: This study for the 1st time highlights, a significant proportion of E. coli isolates in wildlife deer and nearby water sources were MDR in Bangladesh.

The present work reports a numerical simulation on transport phenomena during laser welding of dissimilar materials (Ti–6Al–4V and AISI 316L). Laser welding involves simultaneous melting and solidification during the processing of materials in the presence of a high-energy density laser beam. The process is modelled based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy. A FORTRAN code based on the finite volume method is developed for the present study. It initially presents the distribution of temperature and tracking of the solid–liquid interface under a stationary laser beam and comes out with a limit of the travelling speed of the laser beam beyond which full penetration is not feasible. At different values of travelling speed, the simulation predicts an eggplant-shaped weld pool behind the moving laser beam in considering simultaneous melting and solidification processes. Consideration of simultaneous melting and solidification under a moving laser beam results in an eggplant shape of weld pool, which is the novelty of the present work. The shape of the weld pool is smaller in the AISI 316L side than that of Ti–6Al–4V side due to the density difference of the alloys. It is found that the size of the weld pool, depth of penetration and heat-affected zone (HAZ) increase with an increase in the value of laser power and decrease with an increase in the value of travelling speed of the laser beam.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are fundamental to decentralized systems, yet ensuring robust access control within these environments remains a significant challenge due to their dynamic and trustless nature. This paper proposes a novel, blockchain-based access control framework that leverages strategic policy design and hierarchical role-based management. The framework employs Ethereum smart contracts to implement decentralized, immutable policies while incentivizing node compliance through a token-based economy. Key contributions include a finite state machine for adaptive user role management, test case development for validating access control scenarios, and performance evaluation under diverse network conditions. The proposed system demonstrates scalability, security, and efficiency, addressing core limitations of traditional access control models in P2P networks.

Since 2013, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has hosted an annual influenza season forecasting challenge. The 2015–2016 challenge consisted of weekly probabilistic forecasts of multiple targets, including fourteen models submitted by eleven teams. Forecast skill was evaluated using a modified logarithmic score. We averaged submitted forecasts into a mean ensemble model and compared them against predictions based on historical trends. Forecast skill was highest for seasonal peak intensity and short-term forecasts, while forecast skill for timing of season onset and peak week was generally low. Higher forecast skill was associated with team participation in previous influenza forecasting challenges and utilization of ensemble forecasting techniques. The mean ensemble consistently performed well and outperformed historical trend predictions. CDC and contributing teams will continue to advance influenza forecasting and work to improve the accuracy and reliability of forecasts to facilitate increased incorporation into public health response efforts.

A crucial research problem in the field of wireless sensor network is to maximize its lifetime. One approach to solve this problem is to group the nodes in clusters or chains. One of the nodes in a cluster or chain takes the responsibility of collecting data from the other sensors in its group and sends the data to the base station or sink. As the energy spent per round is comparatively higher for a cluster head(CH)/chain leader (CL), the lifetime of the network can increase if we rotate the role of CH/CL among the nodes in the cluster/chain. In this paper, we have proposed several algorithms to select CH/CL at different rounds to maximize the lifetime of the WSN. We have shown that maximizing lifetime measured as first node die, can be solved optimally using an integer linear program. Then we have given a polynomial-time algorithm to solve this problem by relaxing to a linear programming problem. We have also given algorithms to maximize the lifetimes measured as half of the nodes die and last node dies. Simulation results indicate significant improvement in the performance of our proposed algorithms compared to BP-DCA, NEECP and naive Bayesian-based algorithm.