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This collection focuses on difficult memories and diverse identities related to conflicts and localized politics of memories. It brings together methodological discussions from oral history research, cultural memory studies and the study of contemporary protest movements.

In this article, I examine the intertextuality of reminiscence writings of Karelian evacuees in Finland. The main topics of these writings are the two journeys of evacuation from the ceded Karelia to Finland, which writers experienced as children during and after the Second World War, and journeys back to the region of their childhood, which became possible after the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the case of negotiations surrounding spatiotemporal distance and the creation of bridges between the past and the present, I argue that intertextuality plays a crucial but somewhat underanalyzed role in reminiscing.

By analyzing oral history interviews of former child and youth internees, the chapter explores the reception of the compensation law (2014) for the internment of German and Hungarian citizens in Finland (1944-1946). These interviews are analyzed 1) in relation to and as reflecting the paradigm of \"redemptive remembering,\" and 2) as interactional events characterized by negotiations between the interviewer and interviewee. The chapter suggests that negative representations of the compensation reflect the tensions between the goals of compensations as instruments of retrospective justice, prevailing cultural conceptions of memory, and ideals for dealing with difficult pasts. Moreover, such frictional engagement between different aspects of compensations is also argued as generating meaningful reflection on applications and implications of memory in general.

This collection focuses on difficult memories and diverse identities related to conflicts and localized politics of memories. The contemporary and history-oriented case studies discuss politicized memories and pasts, the frictions of justice and reconciliation, and the diversity and fragmentation of difficult memories. Friction, Fragmentation, and Diversity: Localized Politics of European Memories brings together methodological discussions from oral history research, cultural memory studies and the study of contemporary protest movements. The politicization of memories is analyzed in various contexts, ranging from everyday interaction and diverse cultural representations to politics of the archive and politics as legal processes. The politicization of memories takes place on multiple analytical levels: those inherent to the sources; the ways in which the collections are utilized, archived, or presented; and in the re-evaluation of existing research.

During the past four decades memory has probably become the most influential and widely adopted term to describe the complex of temporal, ethical, aesthetic, intellectual, material, and political manifestations and uses of the past in present. This collection focuses on localized politics of memories in various European contexts. It will attend to diverse memories related to the historical events and time periods in Estonia, Russia, Latvia, Finland, Germany, and Turkey by focusing on the interplay, tension, and negotiation between various scales of memory (see De Cesari & Rigney 2014).

After the Second World War, Finland had to cede territories to the Soviet Union and Finnish people from those areas were evacuated. In this article we analyse the narrated memories of former Karelian child evacuees. We focus on the sites of memory and the materiality of memory practices as they are reflected in these narratives. We examine how narrated memories, both written and oral, are formed in the interplay of embodied recollections of the childhood evacuation, with the intra-action of matter such as sources and mementos, and immaterial things such as affects and emotions. We conclude that things and matter are agential in six ways in narrated memories.

The segmentation of 3D cell nuclei is essential in many tasks, such as targeted molecular radiotherapies (MRT) for metastatic tumours, toxicity screening, and the observation of proliferating cells. In recent years, one popular method for automatic segmentation of nuclei has been deep learning enhanced marker-controlled watershed transform. In this method, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to create nuclei masks and markers, and the watershed algorithm for the instance segmentation. We studied whether this method could be improved for the segmentation of densely cultivated 3D nuclei via developing multiple system configurations in which we studied the effect of edge emphasizing CNNs, and optimized H-minima transform for mask and marker generation, respectively. The dataset used for training and evaluation consisted of twelve in vitro cultivated densely packed 3D human carcinoma cell spheroids imaged using a confocal microscope. With this dataset, the evaluation was performed using a cross-validation scheme. In addition, four independent datasets were used for evaluation. The datasets were resampled near isotropic for our experiments. The baseline deep learning enhanced marker-controlled watershed obtained an average of 0.69 Panoptic Quality (PQ) and 0.66 Aggregated Jaccard Index (AJI) over the twelve spheroids. Using a system configuration, which was otherwise the same but used 3D-based edge emphasizing CNNs and optimized H-minima transform, the scores increased to 0.76 and 0.77, respectively. When using the independent datasets for evaluation, the best performing system configuration was shown to outperform or equal the baseline and a set of well-known cell segmentation approaches. The use of edge emphasizing U-Nets and optimized H-minima transform can improve the marker-controlled watershed transform for segmentation of densely cultivated 3D cell nuclei. A novel dataset of twelve spheroids was introduced to the public.

Antisense RNA (asRNA) COOLAIR is expressed at A. thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) in response to winter temperatures. Its contribution to cold-induced silencing of FLC was proposed but its functional and evolutionary significance remain unclear. Here we identify a highly conserved block containing the COOLAIR first exon and core promoter at the 3′ end of several FLC orthologues. Furthermore, asRNAs related to COOLAIR are expressed at FLC loci in the perennials A. alpina and A. lyrata , although some splicing variants differ from A. thaliana . Study of the A. alpina orthologue, PERPETUAL FLOWERING 1 ( PEP1 ), demonstrates that AaCOOLAIR is induced each winter of the perennial life cycle. Introduction of PEP1 into A. thaliana reveals that AaCOOLAIR cis -elements confer cold-inducibility in this heterologous species while the difference between PEP1 and FLC mRNA patterns depends on both cis -elements and species-specific trans -acting factors. Thus, expression of COOLAIR is highly conserved, supporting its importance in FLC regulation. FLOWERING LOCUS C ( FLC ) is thought to control the flowering time of A. thaliana in response to winter temperatures, in a process known as vernalization. Here, the authors suggest that the COOLAIR antisense RNA, which is conserved across plant species, acts to repress the expression of FLC during vernalization.