Explore the vast range of titles available.

A bstract We describe on-shell methods for computing one- and two-loop anomalous dimensions in the context of effective field theories containing higher-dimension operators. We also summarize methods for computing one-loop amplitudes, which are used as inputs to the computation of two-loop anomalous dimensions, and we explain how the structure of rational terms and judicious renormalization scheme choices can lead to additional vanishing terms in the anomalous dimension matrix at two loops. We describe the two-loop implications for the Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). As a by-product of this analysis we verify a variety of one-loop SMEFT anomalous dimensions computed by Alonso, Jenkins, Manohar and Trott.

A bstract We present the two-body Hamiltonian and associated eikonal phase, to leading post-Minkowskian order, for infinitely many tidal deformations described by operators with arbitrary powers of the curvature tensor. Scattering amplitudes in momentum and position space provide systematic complementary approaches. For the tidal operators quadratic in curvature, which describe the linear response to an external gravitational field, we work out the leading post-Minkowskian contributions using a basis of operators with arbitrary numbers of derivatives which are in one-to-one correspondence with the worldline multipole operators. Explicit examples are used to show that the same techniques apply to both bodies interacting tidally with a spinning particle, for which we find the leading contributions from quadratic in curvature tidal operators with an arbitrary number of derivatives, and to effective field theory extensions of general relativity. We also note that the leading post-Minkowskian order contributions from higher-dimension operators manifest double-copy relations. Finally, we comment on the structure of higher-order corrections.

BACKGROUND: Student debt has become a significant problem for the profession of physical therapy. Higher debt levels can impact mental health and professional and personal decisions. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) has recommended improving physical therapy students' financial literacy. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess financial knowledge and anticipated student debt in Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students entering two programs. METHODS: A financial knowledge survey consisting of 24 questions assessing 4 domains was disseminated by two methods to matriculating DPT students. Additional questions gathered demographic information, self-assessment of financial knowledge, anticipated student debt at graduation, and awareness and utilization of APTA financial resources. RESULTS: Survey response rate was 80%, with 125 students completing the survey. The mean score was 57% of questions answered correctly. 61% of students estimated loan amounts at graduation to be > $80,000, 46% > $100,000 and 18% > $150,000. 85% of students either had no awareness of the APTA financial education platform or had not accessed it. DISCUSSION: Scores were above those in previous studies on health professions students, but student loan literacy scores were below those of other college students. Due to the high amounts of anticipated education debt, DPT programs should increase awareness of APTA financial education resources and incorporate financial literacy education into their curricula.

Given 1 < p < ∞, p ≠ 2, we show that the T1 theorem for the Hilbert transform fails for Lp, despite holding for p = 2. More precisely, we construct a pair of locally finite positive Borel measures (σ, ω) that satisfy the two-tailed Ap condition, and satisfy both of the Lp-testing conditions for the Hilbert transform H, yet Hσ: Lp(σ) ↛ Lp(ω). In the opposite direction, the T1 theorem for the Hilbert transform for p = 2 was proved a decade ago in the two part paper [LaSaShUr3] and [Lac].

If R λ denotes the λ -fractional vector Riesz transform on R n , 1 < p < ∞ , and σ , ω is a pair of doubling measures, then the two weight L p norm inequality, ∫ R n R λ f σ p d ω ≤ N T λ , p p ∫ R n f p d σ , f ∈ L p σ holds if and only if the following quadratic triple testing conditions of Hytönen and Vuorinen hold, ∫ R n ∑ j = 1 ∞ a j 1 3 I j λ R λ 1 I j σ 2 p 2 d ω ≤ T R λ , p ℓ 2 , triple p ∫ R n ∑ j = 1 ∞ a j 1 I j 2 p 2 d σ , ∫ R n ∑ j = 1 ∞ a j 1 3 I j λ R λ 1 I j ω 2 p ′ 2 d σ ≤ T R λ , ∗ , p ′ ℓ 2 , triple p ′ ∫ R n ∑ j = 1 ∞ a j 1 I j 2 p ′ 2 d ω , where the inequalities are taken over all sequences I j j = 1 ∞ and a j j = 1 ∞ of cubes and real numbers respectively. We also show that these quadratic triple testing conditions can be relaxed to local quadratic testing conditions, quadratic offset Muckenhoupt conditions, and a quadratic weak boundedness property.

Let μ be a positive locally finite Borel measure on R n that is doubling, and define the homogeneous W s μ -Sobolev norm squared f W s μ 2 of a function f ∈ L loc 2 μ by ∫ R n ∫ R n f x - f y x - y s 2 d μ x d μ y B x + y 2 , x - y 2 μ , and denote by W s μ the corresponding Hilbert space completion (when μ is Lebesgue measure, this is the familiar Sobolev space on R n ). We prove in particular that for 0 ≤ α < n , and σ and ω doubling measures on R n , there is a positive constant θ such for 0 < s < θ , any smooth α -fractional convolution singular integral T α with homogeneous kernel that is nonvanishing in some coordinate direction, is bounded from W s σ to W s ω if and only if the classical fractional Muckenhoupt condition on the measure pair holds, A 2 α ≡ sup Q ∈ Q n Q ω Q σ Q 2 1 - α n < ∞ , as well as the Sobolev 1 -testing and 1 ∗ -testing conditions for the operator T α , T σ α 1 I W s ω ≤ T T α σ , ω I σ ℓ I - s , I ∈ Q n , T ω α , ∗ 1 I W s σ ∗ ≤ T T α , ∗ ω , σ I ω ℓ I s , I ∈ Q n , taken over the family of indicator test functions 1 I I ∈ P n . Here Q n is the collection of all cubes with sides parallel to the coordinate axes, and W s μ ∗ denotes the dual of W s μ determined by the usual L 2 μ bilinear pairing, which we identify with a dyadic Sobolev space W dyad - s μ of negative order. The sufficiency assertion persists for more general singular integral operators T α .

Alternative splicing performs a central role in expanding genomic coding capacity and proteomic diversity. However, programming of splicing patterns in engineered biological systems remains underused. Synthetic approaches thus far have predominantly focused on controlling expression of a single protein through alternative splicing. Here, we describe a modular and extensible platform for regulating four programmable exons that undergo a mutually exclusive alternative splicing event to generate multiple functionally-distinct proteins. We present an intron framework that enforces the mutual exclusivity of two internal exons and demonstrate a graded series of consensus sequence elements of varying strengths that set the ratio of two mutually exclusive isoforms. We apply this framework to program the DNA-binding domains of modular transcription factors to differentially control downstream gene activation. This splicing platform advances an approach for generating diverse isoforms and can ultimately be applied to program modular proteins and increase coding capacity of synthetic biological systems. Alternative splicing expands the genetic coding capacity and proteomic diversity of the cell. Here the authors create a synthetic biology platform for regulating four programmable exons in modular transcription factors.

We develop a notion of degenerate Sobolev spaces naturally associated with nonnegative quadratic forms that arise from a large class of linear subelliptic equations with rough coefficients. These Sobolev spaces allow us to make the widest possible definition of a weak solution that leads to local Hölder continuity of solutions, extending our results in an earlier work, where we studied regularity of classical weak solutions. In cases when the quadratic forms arise from collections of rough vector fields, we study containment relations between the degenerate Sobolev spaces and the corresponding spaces defined in terms of weak derivatives relative to the vector fields.

Background: Muscle health is an emerging concept linked to physical performance and functional independence. However, the term lacks a standardized definition and is often used as a broad muscle-related outcome descriptor. Clinical communication and research would benefit from a conceptual model of muscle health grounded in an established framework. Methods: We conducted systematic search and narrative synthesis to identify multifactorial measurement approaches explicitly described under ‘muscle health’. PubMed and CINAHL were searched for clinical and randomized controlled trials published in the past 5 years (final search: March 2025) that used the term “muscle health.” Studies were reviewed for explicit definitions of “muscle health,” and all identified outcomes (e.g., strength, mass) and measurement tools (e.g., grip strength, ultrasound) were synthesized. This review was retrospectively registered (INPLASY202580069). Results: Of the 65 clinical or randomized controlled trials that met inclusion criteria, 29 provided an operational definition of ‘muscle health’, while 36 inferred measurements without a clear definition. The identified measurements spanned four primary categories, with body composition/muscle mass being the most common (92.3%), followed by muscle performance (78.5%), physical function (63.1%), and tissue composition (30.8%). Most studies included more than one muscle health metric (93.9%). Common assessment methods included DXA (44.6%), grip strength (64.6%), and gait speed (27.7%). Conclusions: While there are common measurement approaches, the definition of muscle health varies widely in the cited works. The framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, was used to identify domains aligned with muscle health components of muscle morphology/morphometry (e.g., mass and composition), functional status (performance-based tasks), and physical capacity (muscle performance). This framework provides a structured basis for evaluating muscle health in research and clinical practice. Consistent use of these domains could enhance assessment and support efforts to standardize testing and interpretation across settings.