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L. (TC), var. (Willd.) Chakrav. (MCM), and (L) Roxb. (LA) are common vegetables widely used in traditional and folk systems of medicine for various ailments including diabetes. This work evaluated the antidiabetic potential of 95% ethanolic extract (EE) obtained from , var. , and whole plant. Their antidiabetic activity was screened in fasted, fed, glucose-loaded, and diabetic rats treated for up to 4 h. The tested herbal extracts possess potent therapeutic applications; more specifically var. whole plant extract possessed the most significant blood glucose lowering in fasted (19.68%; p<0.001), fed (8.1%; p<0.001), glucose loaded (18.78%; p<0.001), and diabetic (30.99%; p<0.001) models. Our method of testing the glucose-lowering in four experimental models offers a time-saving approach to screen the hypoglycemic potential of candidate drugs. These findings validate the traditional claims and provide novel insights into the quest for antidiabetic cure.

Neutron scattering experiments are used to determine scattering profiles for aqueous solutions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acid analogs. Solutions of hydrophobic solutes show a shift in the main diffraction peak to smaller angle as compared with pure water, whereas solutions of hydrophilic solutes do not. The same difference for solutions of hydrophobic and hydrophilic side chains is also predicted by molecular dynamics simulations. The neutron scattering curves of aqueous solutions of hydrophobic amino acids at room temperature are qualitatively similar to differences between the liquid molecular structure functions measured for ambient and supercooled water. The nonpolar solute-induced expansion of water structure reported here is also complementary to recent neutron experiments where compression of aqueous solvent structure has been observed at high salt concentration.

For years Russell Crowe has exhibited violent behavior toward people he deems as subservient [\"Crowe's errant throw,\" News, June 7]. I think that, if he is convicted or pleads guilty to assault, he should have his visa revoked and should be kicked out of the United States. \"How will U.S. curb global warming?\" [Editorial, June 12] correctly states the need for an energy policy that minimizes greenhouse gas emissions. But even the most drastic reductions will still allow greenhouse gases to accumulate in the atmosphere, primarily because of the long persistence of carbon dioxide. This means that we must examine other interventions that preserve the polar ice caps and retard sea level rise. For several years, I have studied the possibility of reducing the heat transported from the tropics to the polar regions by ocean currents. This intervention would help to preserve the ice sheets, thereby reducing sea level rise, and also reducing the absorption of solar energy. (Ice and snow reflect sunlight better than land or exposed sea water.) It appears possible to accomplish this with turbines and/or drag devices anchored in the Florida current, the Gulf Stream and four other major ocean currents.

Background Health care technologies are now offering accountability, quality, robustness, and accuracy in disease surveillance and health care delivery programmes. With the advent of mobile hand-held devices, these technologies have become more accessible and adaptable for use by field staff working in remote areas. The Malaria Elimination Demonstration Project started collection of data and conduct of routine operations using paper-based reporting systems. Observing the need for a robust and quality digital mobile application, a comprehensive mobile application tool was developed that allowed the project to conduct disease surveillance, workforce management and supply chain management. Methods In June 2017, the project conceptualized a comprehensive mobile application tool in the local language (Hindi) for disease surveillance, human resources management, and supply chain management. The tool is also available in English. Solution for Community Health-workers (SOCH) mobile app is an android native application developed using android SDK and web-based tool using MVC.net framework. Construction of the application started in November 2017 and rolled out its pilot in April 2018, followed by pan-district roll out in July 2018. The application uses self-validation tools to ensure high level of data quality and integrity. Results The software is available in android based hand-held devices and web-screens with built-in data analytical capabilities. Using SOCH, the project has now successfully digitized its routine surveillance, attendance, tour plans, supply chain management components. The project has documented a reduction in 91% indigenous cases in the district, 60% improvement in stock accountability, and 99.6% accuracy in data collected through the mobile application. Conclusion SOCH is an excellent and user-friendly tool, which can be customized for any public health management programme. The system ensures accountability and data robustness, which is needed for malaria elimination efforts throughout the country. The mobile application can be adapted for English or any other Indian or international language for use for malaria or any other disease surveillance and control programme. Another expansion feature of this mobile application is incorporation of indicators for Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), and minor engineering by the residents of community under surveillance. The authors believe that it would be highly desirable and appropriate for an international organization, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), to conduct an independent comparison of all available mobile e-surveillance tools, so that a high-performing and globally suitable system can be selected for use in malaria elimination programmes. The Foundation of Disease Elimination and Controlof India has decided to make the SOCH mobile application available to anyone who would like to use it for disease surveillance and health care programmes.

Here, a highly efficient and inexpensive technique to fabricate silver dendritic nanostructures with unique numerous lateral branches has been demonstrated. The study utilized the metal-assisted growth (MAG) technique, which is a simple, one-step technique that allows exact control over the size and morphology of the generated dendrites. The prepared dendrites are characterized using various techniques and the fabrication mechanism is well explored. The final synthesized Ag dendrites are then utilized to detect in-house cultured E. coli. cells using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity. The proposed reason for their superior SERS performance is due to the contribution from the large amount of plasmon-active ‘hotspots’ present in dendritic structures at the sharp edges enhancing the nearby local electromagnetic fields. The proposed work suggests Ag dendritic nanostructures as a potential candidate for SERS-based applications.

This work investigates the impact of barrier layer thickness on DC and RF performance of a GaN HEMT device, targeting the low noise high gain application. An optimisation workflow based on the barrier layer thickness and Al mole fraction is presented for improving the RF metrics of a GaN HEMT. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a gate length of 400 nm were fabricated with 22% Al content and a barrier layer thickness of 23 and 20 nm, respectively. TCAD simulation studies were carried out for different barrier thickness and Al mole fraction in accordance with the fabricated devices. Increasing the barrier thickness increases the 2-DEG density which increases the maximum drain current and results in a negative shift in the threshold voltage. With a thin barrier layer, the AlGaN/GaN HEMTs exhibit a higher transconductance due to improved gate action. The fabricated devices were investigated with the help of small-signal equivalent circuit, which demonstrate higher capacitances associated with a thin barrier layer. Apart from DC characteristics and small-signal performance, the intrinsic gain ( g m / g d ratio), noise performance, and large-signal performance of the device has been investigated which provides a great contribution in creating a design subspace for a specific application (depending on the performance requirement). A thin barrier layer improves the intrinsic gain of the GaN HEMT device by 74% due to a higher transconductance and comparatively lower output conductance values. An increase in Al mole fraction increases the transconductance but is dominated by an increase in the output conductance, which in turn reduces the intrinsic gain of the device. An in-depth analysis is presented by investigating and optimising the trade-offs with barrier layer thickness and Al mole fraction towards the noise performance of the devices at microwave C- and X-band.

Meningococcal disease remains an important public health problem globally. We assessed the non-inferiority and the lot-to-lot consistency of a pentavalent meningococcal ACYWX conjugate vaccine (NmCV-5; Serum Institute of India, Pune, India) versus a quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-D) in healthy adults. In this observer-blind, randomised, active-controlled, phase 2/3 study, healthy adults aged 18–85 years were recruited from nine hospitals across seven cities in India. Participants were grouped by age (age 18–29, 30–60, and 61–85 years), and within each age group they were randomly assigned (3:1) to receive either NmCV-5 or MenACWY-D (Sanofi Pasteur). In the age 18–29 years group, participants were additionally randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to either lot A, lot B, or lot C of NmCV-5 or MenACWY-D. Block randomisation was used (block sizes of 4, 8, and 12). Study participants and study personnel were masked to treatment assignment. Participants received either a 0·5 mL dose of NmCV-5, containing 5 μg each of conjugated A, C, W, Y, and X polysaccharides, or 0·5 mL MenACWY-D, containing 4 μg of each of conjugated A, C, W, and Y polysaccharides. Vaccinations were administered intramuscularly in the deltoid muscle. The primary outcomes were seroresponse (non-inferiority margin of –10%) and geometric mean titres (GMTs; non-inferiority margin of 0·5) in all participants, and lot-to-lot consistency of NmCV-5 (in participants aged 18–29 years; consistency was shown if the geometric mean ratio [GMR] 95% CIs were within the limit interval of 0·5 to 2). For non-inferiority, serogroup X immune response in the NmCV-5 group was compared with the lowest immune response among serogroups A, C, W, and Y in the MenACWY-D group. Immunogenicity was assessed with a serum bactericidal activity assay that used baby rabbit serum as the complement (rSBA) on days 1 and 29 in the modified per-protocol population (including all participants who were randomly assigned, received vaccine, had a post-vaccination rSBA measurement up to 121 days after vaccination, and no major protocol violations). Solicited events were collected for 7 days and serious adverse events were collected for 180 days, and assessed in the safety population (all participants who received vaccination). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04358731, and CTRI, CTRI/2019/12/022436, and is now complete. Between Dec 27, 2019, and Sept 19, 2020, 1712 individuals were screened, of whom 1640 were randomly assigned and received NmCV-5 (n=1233) or MenACWY-D (n=407; mean age 26·4 years [SD 12·2], 551 [33·6%] of 1640 were female, and 1089 [66·4%] were male). 1441 participants were aged 18–29 years (362 received lot A, 360 received lot B, and 361 received lot C of NmCV-5 and 357 received MenACWY-D, with one participant mis-randomised by age group and excluded from lot-to-lot consistency analysis). Non-inferiority of NmCV-5 against MenACWY-D was met in terms of seroresponse rates and GMT ratios for all five serogroups. The seroresponse rates were 84·3% (97·5% CI 81·7 to 86·7; serogroup A) or higher in the NmCV-5 group and 54·5% (48·5 to 60·3; serogroup A) or higher in the MenACWY-D group, with the difference in the seroresponse rate between vaccine groups ranging from 0·2 (97·5% CI –2·2 to 2·6) for serogroup W to 29·8 (24·4 to 35·2) for serogroup A. GMTs on day 29 were 7016·9 (97·5% CI 6475·7 to 7603·4; serogroup Y) or higher in the NmCV-5 group and 3646·8 (3188·2 to 4171·5; serogroup Y) or higher in the MenACWY-D group, with GMT ratios between vaccine groups for serogroups A, C, Y, and W ranging from 1·9 (97·5% CI 1·5–2·3) for serogroup W to 2·5 (2·2–2·8) for serogroup A. NmCV-5 induced robust immune responses against serogroup X. Lot-to-lot consistency of NmCV-5 was found for all five serogroups, with 95% CIs for the GMT ratio for each pair of lots being between 0·5 and 2: the lowest lower bound and the highest upper bound of the 95% CI for the GMR between NmCV-5 lot A and lot B were 0·6 and 1·4, between lot A and lot C were 0·7 and 1·6, and between lot B and lot C were 0·8 and 1·6, respectively, for any of the five serogroups. At least one solicited adverse event was reported by 527 (42·7%) of 1233 participants in the NmCV-5 group and 142 (34·9%) of 407 in the MenACWY-D group. No serious adverse events occurred that were determined to be causally related to vaccination. NmCV-5 was non-inferior to MenACWY-D in terms of seroresponse and GMTs, was safe, and demonstrated lot-to-lot consistency. NmCV-5 is prequalified by WHO and was rolled out in the African meningitis belt in April, 2024. Serum Institute of India.

Composites play a significant role in societal development. Therefore, the machining of composites is a significant topic of interest among the research community. In this context, this work uses stir-casted composite (Al-6061 alloy with graphene powder (5%), and nano-TiO2 (10%)) as a workpiece. Depth of cut, cutting speed, and feed rate were considered significant factors at three levels. The experimental design was formulated based on Taguchi's design of experiment (DOE) and used an L 9 orthogonal array. The process’s output characteristic was measured in terms of surface roughness (R a ) using a Surface Roughness Tester. The regression analysis has been applied to determine the best process parameters with little trial and error. The likelihood estimator (lambda) was calculated using the Box-Cox transformation, yielding a powerful regression equation. The estimated values from the regression equation and the observed values were quite close to one another. A 0.687 R a value was achieved with a 1 mm depth of cut, 1000 rpm spindle speed, and a 50 mm/min feed rate. To produce the smallest possible discrepancy between observed and anticipated values, the 'hyperparameter' of the regression equation was fine-tuned. The maximum likelihood estimator value of lambda was found to be 2, with a mean error of 0.03%. The variance inflation factor was also found to be 1.00, which justifies the correctness of the equation.

This article briefly outlines the proposed national epilepsy control program. The content of the article is based on four meetings held by invitation of the Ministry of Health. Invitees by ministry - Drs. D. C. Jain, M. Gourie Devi, V. Saxena, S. Jain, P. Satish. Chandra, M. Gupta, K. Bala, V. Puri, K. S. Anand, S. Gulati, S. Johri, P. S. Chandra, M. Behari, K. Radhakrishnan, D. Bachani. Presentations were made by Dr. M. Tripathi.The program will involve all neurologists across the country in teaching and training at state levels and a central monitoring committee.