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"Scanlon, Thomas"
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Why does inequality matter?
Inequality is widely regarded as morally objectionable: T. M. Scanlon investigates why it matters to us. Demands for greater equality can seem puzzling, because it can be unclear what reason people have for objecting to the difference between what they have and what others have, as opposed simply to wanting to be better off. This book examines six such reasons. Inequality can be objectionable because it arises from a failure of some agent to give equal concern to the interests of different parties to whom it is obligated to provide some good. It can be objectionable because it involves or gives rise to objectionable inequalities in status. It can be objectionable because it gives the rich unacceptable forms of control over the lives of those who have less. It can be objectionable because it interferes with the procedural fairness of economic institutions, or because it deprives some people of substantive opportunity to take part in those institutions. Inequality can be objectionable because it interferes with the fairness of political institutions. Finally, inequality in wealth and income can be objectionable because it is unfair: the institutional mechanisms that produce it cannot be justified in the relevant way. Scanlon's aims is to provide a moral anatomy of these six reasons, and the ideas of equality that they involve. He also examines objections to the pursuit of equality on the ground that it involves objectionable interference with individual liberty, and argues that ideas of desert do not provide a basis either for justifying significant economic inequality or for objecting to it. -- c From book jacket.
Book
لماذا اللامساواة ذات أهمية ؟
تعتبر اللامساواة أمرا مثيرا للاعتراض من الناحية الأخلاقية، ويقدم هذا الكتاب تشریحا أخلاقيا لأسباب الاعتراض على اللامساواة، ويمكن أن تكون اللامساواة مثيرة للاعتراض لأحد الأسباب التالية : إخفاق أحد الوكلاء في الوفاء بالتزامه بتقديم منفعة ما لجميع المواطنين، الأغنياء والفقراء، والاهتمام بمصالحهم على حد سواء؛ ما تنطوي عليه اللامساواة من تفاوتات مثيرة للاعتراض في المكانة الاجتماعية؛ أن اللامساواة تمنح الأغنياء أشكالا غير مقبولة للسيطرة على حياة من هم أقل دخلاء أن اللامساواة تتعارض مع الإنصاف الإجرائي من قبل المؤسسات الاقتصادية، فضلا عن أنها تحرم البعض من الفرصة الموضوعية للمشاركة في تلك المؤسسات ؛ أن اللامساواة تتعارض مع نزاهة المؤسسات السياسية ؛ وأخيرا، أن اللامساواة في الثروة والدخل غير منصفة، ويستعرض الكتاب ما تنطوي عليه تلك الأسباب من أفكار عن المساواة، ويتناول الاعتراضات على السعي إلى تحقيق المساواة على أساس أنها تتعارض مع الحرية الفردية، ويؤكد أن أفكار الاستحقاق لا توفر أساسا لتبرير التفاوت الاقتصادي الملحوظ أو الاعتراض عليه.
Book
A kinetic model of the Boltzmann equation for non-vibrating polyatomic gases
A kinetic model of the Boltzmann equation for non-vibrating polyatomic gases is proposed, based on the Rykov model for diatomic gases. We adopt two velocity distribution functions (VDFs) to describe the system state; inelastic collisions are the same as in the Rykov model, but elastic collisions are modelled by the Boltzmann collision operator (BCO) for monatomic gases, so that the overall kinetic model equation reduces to the Boltzmann equation for monatomic gases in the limit of no translational–rotational energy exchange. The free parameters in the model are determined by comparing the transport coefficients, obtained by a Chapman–Enskog expansion, to values from experiment and kinetic theory. The kinetic model equations are solved numerically using the fast spectral method for elastic collision operators and the discrete velocity method for inelastic ones. The numerical results for normal shock waves and planar Fourier/Couette flows are in good agreement with both conventional direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) results and experimental data. Poiseuille and thermal creep flows of polyatomic gases between two parallel plates are also investigated. Finally, we find that the spectra of both spontaneous and coherent Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering (RBS) compare well with DSMC results, and the computational speed of our model is approximately 300 times faster. Compared to the Rykov model, our model greatly improves prediction accuracy, and reveals the significant influence of molecular models. For coherent RBS, we find that the Rykov model could overpredict the bulk viscosity by a factor of two.
Journal Article
A Two-Temperature Open-Source CFD Model for Hypersonic Reacting Flows, Part One: Zero-Dimensional Analysis
A two-temperature CFD (computational fluid dynamics) solver is a prerequisite to any spacecraft re-entry numerical study that aims at producing results with a satisfactory level of accuracy within realistic timescales. In this respect, a new two-temperature CFD solver, hy2Foam, has been developed within the framework of the open-source CFD platform OpenFOAM for the prediction of hypersonic reacting flows. This solver makes the distinct juncture between the trans-rotational and multiple vibrational-electronic temperatures. hy2Foam has the capability to model vibrational-translational and vibrational-vibrational energy exchanges in an eleven-species air mixture. It makes use of either the Park TTv model or the coupled vibration-dissociation-vibration (CVDV) model to handle chemistry-vibration coupling and it can simulate flows with or without electronic energy. Verification of the code for various zero-dimensional adiabatic heat baths of progressive complexity has been carried out. hy2Foam has been shown to produce results in good agreement with those given by the CFD code LeMANS (The Michigan Aerothermodynamic Navier-Stokes solver) and previously published data. A comparison is also performed with the open-source DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) code dsmcFoam. It has been demonstrated that the use of the CVDV model and rates derived from Quantum-Kinetic theory promote a satisfactory consistency between the CFD and DSMC chemistry modules.
Journal Article
Likely intersections
We prove a general likely intersections theorem, a counterpart to the Zilber-Pink conjectures, under the assumption that the Ax-Schanuel property and some mild additional conditions are known to hold for a given category of complex quotient spaces definable in some fixed o-minimal expansion of the ordered field of real numbers. For an instance of our general result, consider the case of subvarieties of Shimura varieties. Let S be a Shimura variety. Let
$\\pi :D \\to \\Gamma \\backslash D = S$
realize S as a quotient of D, a homogeneous space for the action of a real algebraic group G, by the action of
$\\Gamma < G$
, an arithmetic subgroup. Let
$S' \\subseteq S$
be a special subvariety of S realized as
$\\pi (D')$
for
$D' \\subseteq D$
a homogeneous space for an algebraic subgroup of G. Let
$X \\subseteq S$
be an irreducible subvariety of S not contained in any proper weakly special subvariety of S. Assume that the intersection of X with
$\\pi (gD')$
is persistently likely as g ranges through G with
$\\pi (gD')$
a special subvariety of S, meaning that whenever
$\\zeta :S_1 \\to S$
and
$\\xi :S_1 \\to S_2$
are maps of Shimura varieties (regular maps of varieties induced by maps of the corresponding Shimura data) with
$\\zeta $
finite,
$\\dim \\xi \\zeta ^{-1} X + \\dim \\xi \\zeta ^{-1} \\pi (gD') \\geq \\dim \\xi S_1$
. Then
$X \\cap \\bigcup _{g \\in G, \\pi (g D') \\text { is special }} \\pi (g D')$
is dense in X for the Euclidean topology.
Journal Article
A Two-Temperature Open-Source CFD Model for Hypersonic Reacting Flows, Part Two: Multi-Dimensional Analysis
hy2Foam is a newly-coded open-source two-temperature computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver that has previously been validated for zero-dimensional test cases. It aims at (1) giving open-source access to a state-of-the-art hypersonic CFD solver to students and researchers; and (2) providing a foundation for a future hybrid CFD-DSMC (direct simulation Monte Carlo) code within the OpenFOAM framework. This paper focuses on the multi-dimensional verification of hy2Foam and firstly describes the different models implemented. In conjunction with employing the coupled vibration-dissociation-vibration (CVDV) chemistry–vibration model, novel use is made of the quantum-kinetic (QK) rates in a CFD solver. hy2Foam has been shown to produce results in good agreement with previously published data for a Mach 11 nitrogen flow over a blunted cone and with the dsmcFoam code for a Mach 20 cylinder flow for a binary reacting mixture. This latter case scenario provides a useful basis for other codes to compare against.
Journal Article
The Difficulty of Tolerance
These essays in political philosophy by T. M. Scanlon, written between 1969 and 1999, examine the standards by which social and political institutions should be justified and appraised. Scanlon explains how the powers of just institutions are limited by rights such as freedom of expression, and considers why these limits should be respected even when it seems that better results could be achieved by violating them. Other topics which are explored include voluntariness and consent, freedom of expression, tolerance, punishment, and human rights. The collection includes the classic essays 'Preference and Urgency', 'A Theory of Freedom of Expression', and 'Contractualism and Utilitarianism', as well as a number of other essays that have hitherto not been easily accessible. It will be essential reading for all those studying these topics from the perspective of political philosophy, politics, and law.
eBook