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"Schürer, Norbert"
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The Shape of Water in J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings
Water is omnipresent in many shapes and forms in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings. To most critics, this water symbolizes melancholy, hope, and salvation-but then these scholars treat all water as if it were the same. In contrast, I demonstrate that there are six always intertwined and overlapping aspects or facets of representations of water: instrumental (to move the plot forward), geographical (to set up distinctions and boundaries), figurative (images of water employed in rhetorical devices), mystical (magical incarnations of water), pathetic (mirroring the emotions of characters), and intentional (creating meaning by prefiguring and intensifying character's ideas and decisions and by developing the plot). In addition, I trace similarities between representations of water in The Lord of the Rings and the symbolism of water in our primary world. In the interaction of the six aspects, for instance in the chapter \"Helm's Deep,\" representations of water in The Lord of the Rings show that there are always good and bad possibilities in every situation, and they encourage readers to take responsibility and make the best of these possibilities.
Journal Article
Charlotte Lennox in Germany: Female Intellectual Networks and Literary Success
The literary career of eighteenth-century British author Charlotte Lennox in her home country was a failure: her novels had mediocre sales, her scholarship was neglected, and she died in penury. In contrast, Lennox had significant success in Germany. There, she participated in female intellectual networks with German authors and translators Luise Gottsched and Meta Forkel-Liebeskind. Her play The Sister was translated as Was seyn soll, schickt sich wohl, performed twenty-three times in nine locations all over German-speaking Europe, and published in five separate editions. This demonstrates that success and failure at home did not predict failure and success abroad.
Journal Article
Charlotte Lennox
This volume compiles and annotates for the first time the complete correspondence of the eighteenth-century British author Charlotte Lennox, best known for her novel The Female Quixote. Lennox corresponded with famous contemporaries from different walks of life such as James Boswell, David Garrick, Samuel Johnson, and Sir Joshua Reynolds, and she interacted with many other influential figures including her patroness the Countess of Bute, publisher Andrew Millar, and the Reverend Thomas Winstanley. In addition to Lennox’s and her correspondents’ letters, this book presents related documents such as the author’s proposals for subscription editions of her works, her file with the Royal Literary Fund, and a series of poems and stories supposedly composed by her son but perhaps written by herself. In these carefully and extensively annotated documents, Charlotte Lennox traces the vagaries in the career of a female writer in the male-dominated eighteenth-century literary marketplace. The introduction situates Lennox in the context of contemporaneous print culture and specifically examines the contentious question of the authorship of The Female Quixote, Lennox’s experimentation with various forms of publication, and her appeals for charity to the Royal Literary Fund when she was impoverished towards the end of her life. The author who emerges from Charlotte Lennox was an active, assertive, innovative, and independent woman trying to find her place—and make a literary career—in eighteenth-century Britain. Thus, this volume makes an important contribution to the history of female authorship, literary history, and eighteenth-century studies.
eBook
Charlotte Lennox in Germany: Female Intellectual Networks and Literary Success
The literary career of eighteenth-century British author Charlotte Lennox in her home country was a failure: her novels had mediocre sales, her scholarship was neglected, and she died in penury. In contrast, Lennox had significant success in Germany. There, she participated in female intellectual networks with German authors and translators Luise Gottsched and Meta Forkel-Liebeskind. Her play The Sister was translated as Was seyn soll, schickt sich wohl, performed twenty-three times in nine locations all over German-speaking Europe, and published in five separate editions. This demonstrates that success and failure at home did not predict failure and success abroad.
Journal Article
The Impartial Spectator of Sati, 1757-84
Though never a significant practice in statistical terms, sati (widow burning) played a pivotal role in British representations of India. While the East India Company negotiated its new role in India (1757-84), some writers and artists who had extensive personal experience in India (like John Zephaniah Holwell and Eyles Irwin) experimented with a non-judgmental stance. They tried to suspend their European beliefs and become disinterested observers of the sati ceremony, echoing the sentimental stance of the impartial spectator postulated in the moral philosophy of Adam Smith. However, this impartial stance never gained wide acceptance, and after the 1780s the British strongly objected to the custom on partial grounds.
Journal Article
Sustaining Identity in I'tesamuddin's \The Wonders of Vilayet\
There are many narratives of European travelers visiting India in the eighteenth century, but there are only a few surviving reports of Indians who spent time in Europe. One such report is The Wonders of Vilayet by the Indo-Persian diplomat I'tesamuddin, who went to France and Britain 1766-67. In his travel narrative, available in two ideologically distinct English translations, he explores issues of identity, particularly pertaining to gender and religion. At first, I'tesamuddin is excited by the visibility of European women and highly complimentary about their beauty, and his Sunni Muslim ideas about male-female interaction are challenged. In the end, though, he cannot see himself with a British woman because of the religious difference. Similarly, I'tesamuddin initially tries to understand and displays a positive stance towards Anglican Christianity as he offers Muslim interpretations of Christian parables. At the same time, he insists on differences between Christianity and Islam, arguing that Christians are too materialistic and that Muslims are ultimately more devout. Thus, he holds fast to his spiritual beliefs and sustains his identity in the face of the challenge of European modernity.
Journal Article