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When the armed forces of the United States and the United Kingdom invaded Iraq and exercised control over its territory, the law of occupation immediately began to apply to their actions, and the two governments soon recognized such obligations. By late May 2003, following the Anglo-American military intervention that came to be known as \"Operation Iraqi Freedom,\" the American and British governments and the United Nations Security Council publicly confirmed the application of occupation law in Iraq rather than opt for the establishment of a United Nations legal framework to govern the foreign military deployment and civilian administration.

On December 19, 2019, the Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) rendered its “Considerations on Appeals Against Closing Orders” in Case 004/2 Involving Ao An. The 266-page ruling exemplified, and brought to a head, the longstanding conflict within the ECCC between the national and international co-prosecutors and between the national and international judges on the parameters of personal jurisdiction and the interpretation of relevant provisions of the ECCC's constitutional documents. The fate of the ECCC now hangs in the balance.

Within days of Madeleine Albright's confirmation as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in 1993, she instructed David Scheffer to spearhead the historic mission to create a war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. As senior adviser to Albright and then as President Clinton's ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues, Scheffer was at the forefront of the efforts that led to criminal tribunals for the Balkans, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia, and that resulted in the creation of the permanent International Criminal Court. All the Missing Souls is Scheffer's gripping insider's account of the international gamble to prosecute those responsible for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity, and to redress some of the bloodiest human rights atrocities in our time. Scheffer reveals the truth behind Washington's failures during the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1995 Srebrenica massacre, the anemic hunt for notorious war criminals, how American exceptionalism undercut his diplomacy, and the perilous quests for accountability in Kosovo and Cambodia. He takes readers from the killing fields of Sierra Leone to the political back rooms of the U.N. Security Council, providing candid portraits of major figures such as Madeleine Albright, Anthony Lake, Richard Goldstone, Louise Arbour, Samuel \"Sandy\" Berger, Richard Holbrooke, and Wesley Clark, among others. -- From publisher description.

The United States has had and will continue to have a compelling interest in the establishment of a permanent international criminal court (ICC). Such an international court, so long contemplated and so relevant in a world burdened widi mass murderers, can both deter and punish diose who might escape justice in national courts. Since 1995, the question for the Clinton administration has never been whether there should be an international criminal court, but rather what kind of court it should be in order to operate efficiently, effectively and appropriately within a global system that also requires our constant vigilance to protect international peace and security. At the same time, the United States has special responsibilities and special exposure to political controversy over our actions. This factor cannot be taken lightly when issues of international peace and security are at stake. We are called upon to act, sometimes at great risk, far more than any other nation. This is a reality in the international system.

Warrior politics: Why leadership demands a pagan ethos, by Robert D. Kaplan. New York: Random House, 2002. Pp. xxii, 198. Index. $22.95; The lessons of terror: A history of warfare against civilians: Why it has always failed and why it will fail again, by Caleb Carr. New York: Random House, 2002. Pp. xiv, 272. Index. $19.95.

Stay the hand of vengeance: The politics of war crimes tribunals, by Gary Jonathan Bass, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. Pp. 387. Index. $29.95; Transitional justice, by Ruti G. Teitel, New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. ix, 283. Index. $35; Burying the past: Making peace and doing justice after civil conflict., edited by Nigel Biggar, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001. Pp. xi, 285. Index. $45.