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"Schell, Kevin"
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Small business
A guide to the nitty-gritty of small business This refreshingly straightforward book takes current and would-be entrepreneurs through the step-by-step process of starting, buying, or sustaining a small business. Discover whether entrepreneurship is for you and turn your business idea into a solid plan. Dig into jargon-free guidance on marketing, managing, and growing your business. Employee benefits, small business taxes, staying financially solvent--it's all in here, in terms anyone can understand. If you're itching to become your own boss, start with this guide. Inside... Evaluating your finances Building a business plan Funding your business idea Researching businesses to buy Attracting loyal customers Keeping an eye on the books Hiring & retaining employees Avoiding common mistakes.
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Compact solar autoclave based on steam generation using broadband light-harvesting nanoparticles
The lack of readily available sterilization processes for medicine and dentistry practices in the developing world is a major risk factor for the propagation of disease. Modern medical facilities in the developed world often use autoclave systems to sterilize medical instruments and equipment and process waste that could contain harmful contagions. Here, we show the use of broadband light-absorbing nanoparticles as solar photothermal heaters, which generate high-temperature steam for a standalone, efficient solar autoclave useful for sanitation of instruments or materials in resource-limited, remote locations. Sterilization was verified using a standard Geobacillus stearothermophilus-based biological indicator.
Journal Article
The Influence of Linguistic Content on the Lombard Effect
Contact author: Rupal Patel, Department of Speech Language Pathology and Audiology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Room 102 FR, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: r.patel{at}neu.edu .
Purpose: The Lombard effect describes the tendency for speakers to increase pitch, intensity, and duration in the presence of noise. It is unclear whether these modifications are uniformly applied across all words within an utterance or whether information-bearing content words are further enhanced compared with function words. In the present study, the authors investigated the influence of linguistic content on acoustic modifications made to speech in noise.
Method: Sixteen speaker–listener pairs engaged in an interactive cooperative game in quiet, 60 dB of multitalker noise, and 90 dB of multitalker noise. Speaker productions were analyzed to examine differences in fundamental frequency (F 0 ), intensity, and duration of target words in sentences across noise conditions.
Results: Proportional increases in F 0, intensity, and duration were noted for all word types as noise increased from quiet to 60 dB. From quiet to 90 dB, content words that referred to agents, objects, and locations were disproportionately elongated compared with function words. Additionally, agents were further enhanced by increased F 0 .
Conclusions: At moderate noise levels, most word types appear to be uniformly boosted in F 0 , intensity, and duration. As noise increases, linguistic content shapes the extent of the Lombard effect, with F 0 and duration serving as primary cues for marking information-bearing word types.
KEY WORDS: Lombard effect, prosody, acoustic modifications, speech in noise, linguistic content
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Journal Article
Compact solar autoclave based on steam generation using broadband light-harvesting nanoparticles
The lack of readily available sterilization processes for medicine and dentistry practices in the developing world is a major risk factor for the propagation of disease. Modern medical facilities in the developed world often use autoclave systems to sterilize medical instruments and equipment and process waste that could contain harmful contagions. Here, we show the use of broadband light-absorbing nanoparticles as solar photothermal heaters, which generate high-temperature steam for a standalone, efficient solar autoclave useful for sanitation of instruments or materials in resource-limited, remote locations. Sterilization was verified using a standard Geobacillus stearothermophilus -based biological indicator.
Journal Article
The orientation of low-molecular weight nematic liquid crystals in transverse electrical fields
The orientation of nematic liquid crystals in electrical fields is commonplace in flat-panel watch and calculator displays. In 99% of these devices, the optical path and the electrical field are parallel to each other. When an alternating electrical field is applied perpendicular to the optical path unusual optical patterns result. The physics and properties of the wave-like optical pattern were previously unreported. The geometry and wave-like optical pattern are described in chapter two for a room-temperature nematic liquid crystal: 4-4$\\sp\\prime$-n-pentylcyanobiphenyl. Physical conditions of wave stability, i.e. temperature, field and frequency were investigated and discussed in terms of nematic liquid crystalline theory. It was determined that the wave pattern was stabilized at low temperatures and high frequencies. It was also concluded that the mechanism of deformation was dielectric rather than ionic. The macroscopic observations were quantified into two molecular orientation profiles in the succeeding chapter. The orientation profiles given are based on two possible cases of surface orientation for the nematic layer. The analysis of molecular orientation relies heavily on the theory of electrical deformation developed by Deuling. To understand the importance of the material parameters of the nematic in relationship to the optical effect, binary blends of 4-4$\\sp\\prime$-n-pentylcyanobiphenyl and 4-(4-alkylcyclo-hexyl) -cyanophenyl homologs were prepared. The complete phase behavior of these mixtures is the subject of chapter 4. A thorough physical characterization, regarding the dielectric and elastic properties, response times and threshold voltages, of four selected nematic fluids is given in chapter five. Finally, in chapter six, the effect of the blending on the electrical deformation of the nematic mesophase in a transverse-electrode cell is studied.
Dissertation
Blood‐ and muscle‐O2 storage capacity in North American diving ducks
Breath‐hold diving presents air‐breathing vertebrates with the challenge of maintaining aerobic respiration while exercising underwater. Adaptive increases in the oxygen (O2) storage capacity in the lungs, blood, or muscle tissues can enhance these reserves and greatly extend aerobic foraging time underwater. Here, we report blood‐ and muscle‐O2 storage parameters (blood hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hematocrit, and myoglobin concentration ([Mb]) in the pectoralis and gastrocnemius) for 16 species of diving and dabbling ducks found in North America, and investigate which parameters are correlated with the diving behaviors reported in both the sea ducks (Mergini) and the pochards (Aythini). Both [Hb] in the blood and [Mb] in the gastrocnemius, a major leg muscle used in propulsion for these predominantly leg‐propelled divers, were significantly higher in the sea ducks compared to the dabblers (Anatini). The pochards also showed a significant increase in [Hb] and were intermediate between the sea ducks and the dabblers in hematocrit and [Mb] in the gastrocnemius. Among these four variables and total body mass, [Mb] in the gastrocnemius was the most significant predictor of mean species dive time, and these two variables were correlated across the phylogeny. Our results indicate that the observed changes in O2 storage capacity in the blood and muscles are positively correlated with diving behavior in two clades of ducks, such that larger increases are correlated with longer dive times.
Journal Article