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ObjectivesTo update the findings of a systematic review from the year 2016 on the evidence for the accuracy and potential benefits of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in periodontal diagnostics.Material and methodsA systematic literature search was performed and the criteria for PICO, PRISMA and risk of bias assessment were applied. Only clinical trials (> 10 patients) conducted in humans on periodontal bone loss, i.e. vertical and/or horizontal or furcation involvement, in CBCT compared with clinical and/or conventional radiographic measures were included.ResultsFrom 1152 articles identified, 11 case series on furcations and eight on vertical and/or horizontal bone loss were included. The studies showed moderate risk of bias and heterogeneous study designs. The agreement between non-surgical clinical or two-dimensional radiographic assessments of horizontal, vertical or interfurcal bone loss and CBCT measurements was analysed in 11 studies and was low in six studies with comparable study designs. A high accuracy (80–84%) of CBCT measurements compared with intra-surgical findings of furcation involvement was observed in four studies. Comparing CBCT with intra-surgical measurements of vertical or horizontal bone loss, an accuracy between 58 and 93% was found in four out of six studies. Three studies were analysed and indicated benefits of CBCT in decision making and/or a reduction of treatment costs and time in teeth of interest.ConclusionsThe findings provide additional evidence for the accuracy of CBCT in assessing periodontal bone loss.Clinical relevanceCBCT is an accurate diagnostic tool in periodontology, which needs to be carefully considered in certain situations.

Chiral π -conjugated molecules bring new functionality to technological applications and represent an exciting, rapidly expanding area of research. Their functional properties, such as the absorption and emission of circularly polarized light or the transport of spin-polarized electrons, are highly anisotropic. As a result, the orientation of chiral molecules critically determines the functionality and efficiency of chiral devices. Here we present a strategy to control the orientation of a small chiral molecule (2,2′-dicyano[6]helicene) by the use of organic and inorganic templating layers. Such templating layers can either force 2,2′-dicyano[6]helicene to adopt a face-on orientation and self-assemble into upright supramolecular columns oriented with their helical axis perpendicular to the substrate, or an edge-on orientation with parallel-lying supramolecular columns. Through such control, we show that low- and high-energy chiroptical responses can be independently ‘turned on’ or ‘turned off’. The templating methodologies described here provide a simple way to engineer orientational control and, by association, anisotropic functional properties of chiral molecular systems for a range of emerging technologies. The properties of chiral conjugated molecules, such as the absorption and/or emission of circularly polarized light or electron transport, are highly anisotropic. Now it has been shown that templating layers can control the orientation and anisotropic properties of small chiral molecules in bulk thin films useful for a range of emerging technologies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306524.].

People with brain injury can have lower resiliency compared to the general public. Yet, resiliency facilitates positive processes to negotiate adversity after brain injury. Therefore, measuring resiliency after a brain injury is important. The review aimed to (1) identify self-report resiliency outcome measures for use with people after acquired brain injury, using the process-based Traumatic Brain Injury Resiliency Model as the guiding conceptual framework, and (2) summarize the psychometric properties of the identified outcome measures and the utility of these measures in clinical rehabilitation. The COSMIN guidelines for systematic reviews were followed to ensure appropriate reporting for each measure. Databases CINAHL, EMBASE, Medline, and PsychINFO were searched and independently reviewed by two people. Articles providing data on psychometric properties for measures of resilience for people with brain injury were retrieved. Psychometric properties and clinical utility (number of items, scoring details) were summarized. Thirty-two articles were retrieved, including nine measures of resiliency: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Acquired Brain Injury, Confidence after Stroke Measure, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Daily Living Self-Efficacy Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Participation Strategies Self-Efficacy Scale, Resilience Scale, Robson Self-Esteem Scale, and the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire. All measures have acceptable to excellent psychometric properties in accordance with the COSMIN guidelines. There are established measures of resiliency in brain injury rehabilitation. Future work may explore use of these measures in a clinical context and implementation of rehabilitation goals for improving resiliency after brain injury.

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), individuals can experience changes to quality of life (QOL). Despite understanding the factors that impact QOL after TBI, there is limited patient-oriented research to understand the subjective priorities for QOL after TBI. This study aims to understand the priorities for QOL after TBI using a group consensus building method. The Technique for Research of Information by Animation of a Group of Experts (TRIAGE) method was used to determine priorities for QOL after TBI. In phase one, expert participants were consulted to understand the context of QOL after TBI. In phase two, participants with TBI completed a questionnaire to broadly determine the factors that contributed to their QOL. In phase three, a portion of participants from phase two engaged in focus groups to identify the most relevant priorities. Data was analyzed thematically. In phase four, expert participants were consulted to finalize the priorities. Phase one included three expert participants who outlined the complexity and importance of QOL after TBI. Phase two included 34 participants with TBI who described broad priorities for QOL including social support, employment, and accessible environments. Phase three included 13 participants with TBI who identified seven priorities for QOL: ensuring basic needs are met, participating in everyday life, trusting a circle of care, being seen and accepted, finding meaning in relationships, giving back and advocating, and finding purpose and value. In phase four, four expert participants confirmed the QOL priorities. Findings emphasize the critical need to address priorities for QOL after TBI to ensure improved health outcomes.

Background Evaluation of the application of CSF real-time quaking-induced conversion in Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease surveillance to investigate test accuracy, influencing factors, and associations with disease incidence. Methods In a prospective surveillance study, CSF real-time quaking-induced conversion was performed in patients with clinical suspicion of prion disease (2014–2022). Clinically or histochemically characterized patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ( n  = 888) and patients with final diagnosis of non-prion disease ( n  = 371) were included for accuracy and association studies. Results The overall test sensitivity for sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was 90% and the specificity 99%. Lower sensitivity was associated with early disease stage ( p  = 0.029) and longer survival ( p  < 0.001). The frequency of false positives was significantly higher in patients with inflammatory CNS diseases (3.7%) than in other diagnoses (0.4%, p  = 0.027). The incidence increased from 1.7 per million person-years (2006–2017) to 2.0 after the test was added to diagnostic the criteria (2018–2021). Conclusion We validated high diagnostic accuracy of CSF real-time quaking-induced conversion but identified inflammatory brain disease as a potential source of (rare) false-positive results, indicating thorough consideration of this condition in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. The surveillance improved after amendment of the diagnostic criteria, whereas the incidence showed no suggestive alterations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Impaired self-awareness (i.e., a lack of insight) is experienced by most individuals who have sustained a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). During the early recovery period post-injury, these individuals may not be able to recognize their abilities and limitations, hence, negatively impacting their daily life and function. Although there are assessments and interventions to improve self-awareness after TBI, little is known about how clinicians assess and address this impairment in an inpatient rehabilitation setting. Objective To examine how clinicians assess, report, and provide interventions for impaired self-awareness after TBI. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on interdisciplinary rehabilitation clinician entries for individuals with TBI ( n  = 67) who received inpatient rehabilitation within a five-year period (2014–2019). A reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify themes pertaining to self-awareness. Results Three themes were generated to explore clinician responses to their clients’ impaired self-awareness: 1) ‘recalling and understanding’ described clinician observations of client behaviors and expressions of self-awareness, 2) ‘applying and analyzing’ identified clinicians providing relevant tasks and advice to clients, and 3) ‘evaluating and creating’ described clinicians actively interacting with clients by providing feedback, guided prompts, and a follow-up plan. Conclusion Clinicians produced varied responses to clients’ impaired self-awareness after TBI. Findings may help to develop research priorities and integrated knowledge translation initiatives to increase evidence-based practice for impaired self-awareness after TBI.

Oxytocin ( Oxtr ) and dopamine ( Drd1 , Drd2 ) receptors provide a canonical example for how differences in neuromodulatory receptors drive individual and species-level behavioral variation. These systems exhibit striking and functionally relevant differences in nucleus accumbens (NAc) expression across monogamous prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ) and promiscuous meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus ). However, their cellular organization remains largely unknown. Using multiplex in situ hybridization, we mapped Oxtr , Drd1 , and Drd2 expression in sexually naïve and mate-paired prairie and meadow voles. Prairie voles have more Oxtr+  cells than meadow voles, but Oxtr distribution across dopamine-receptor cell class was similar, indicating a general upregulation rather than cell class bias. Oxtr was enriched in cells that express both dopamine receptors ( Drd1+/Drd2+ ) in prairie voles, suggesting these cells may be particularly sensitive to oxytocin. We found no species or pairing-induced differences in Drd1+  cell counts, suggesting prior reports of expression differences may reflect upregulation in cells already expressing these receptors. Finally, we used single-nucleus sequencing to provide the first comprehensive map of Oxtr and Drd1-5 across molecularly-defined NAc cell types in the prairie vole. These results provide a critical framework for understanding how nonapeptide and catecholamine systems may recruit distinct NAc cell types to shape social behavior.

Precise, fast, and reliable identification and quantification of microplastic contamination are essential for determining their environmental concentrations for risk assessments. This study investigates the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to quantify microplastics by analysing dilution series of polystyrene (PS), polyisoprene-cis (PI), polybutadiene-cis (PB), polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PU). Each polymer type was dissolved in a suitable solvent and an internal standard was utilized for quantification. Detection and quantification limits for each polymer type were established in two ways: (1) by using an equation based on proton signals and an internal standard with known concentration and (2) by using the LOQ based on the signal-to-noise ratio. Both data sets were compared and showed that using the internal standard (method 1) results in more accurate and lower concentration limits in the range of 0.2–8 µg mL −1 for all six polymer types, while the LOQ based on the SNR (method 2) gives consistently higher concentration limits (1–10 µg mL −1 ). The research shows the accuracy, efficacy, and reliability of quantitative NMR spectroscopy for polymer analysis in these concentration ranges compared to established quantifying methods, such as, PyGC/MS, FTIR, or Raman spectroscopy.

Background People with acquired brain injury (ABI) may experience concurrent conditions such as, mental health and substance use concerns, that require specialized care. There are services that aim to support people with ABI and these conditions separately; however, little is known about the facilitators and barriers of these services. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to engage stakeholders to investigate the facilitators and barriers of healthcare services for ABI and concurrent issues. Methods Semi-structured focus groups were conducted in-person and virtually with people with ABI, caregivers, healthcare professionals, and policy makers during a one-day event in British Columbia, Canada. Manifest content analysis was used with a constructivist perspective to analyze data. Results 90 participants (including 34 people with ABI) provided insights during 15 simultaneous focus groups. Three categories were identified: (1) complexity of ABI, (2) supports, (3) structure of care. Complexity of ABI outlined the ongoing basic needs after ABI and highlighted the need for public awareness of ABI. Supports outlined healthcare professional and community-based supports. Structure of care described people with ABI needing to meet criteria for support, experiences of navigating through the system and necessity of integrated services. Conclusions These findings highlight the facilitators and barriers of healthcare services for ABI and concurrent conditions and provide insights into the changes that may be needed. Doing so can improve the accessibility and quality of ABI healthcare services.