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Background Concentric macular rings (CMR) and Henle fiber layer (HFL) corrugations, potential clinical biomarkers of foveal hypoplasia, have been observed in laser fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, respectively. Some believe these findings represent true anatomical structural changes while others hypothesize that they are artifacts of interference; however, to our knowledge, no previous study has provided evidence to support either theory. Methods This retrospective case series analyzed CMR and OCT corrugations in 3 patients (6 eyes) with foveal hypoplasia. Dark fringe diameters of CMR at different wavelengths (λ: red = 635, green = 532, blue = 488 nm) and OCT corrugations of the first five dark fringes were measured. Dark fringe diameter was compared to fringe order (n) and λ using linear regression and t-tests. Results CMR fringe measurements demonstrated linear relationships between radius 2 (r 2 ) and fringe order at all wavelengths (mean R 2 : 0.949, SD: 0.022, range: 0.911–0.985). OCT corrugation measurements also exhibited strong linearity with fringe order (R 2  = 0.998, 0.946). Fringe r 2 increased with wavelength but exceeded theoretical predictions ( p  < 0.05), especially among ratios including shorter λ (mean difference r 2 red:green = 0.104, green:blue = 0.292, red:blue = 0.468). Conclusions This study is the first to provide evidence supporting an etiologic mechanism of CMR and HFL corrugations, showing correlation with physical phenomena of interference. CMR and HFL corrugations correlate with fringe order (n) and λ in a manner consistent with Newton’s rings (r 2  = nR’λ, r  = radius, R’ = radius of curvature), suggesting these phenomena are imaging artifacts. Further research validating these results will be important. Trial registration This study does not report the results of a health care intervention on human participants. Clinical trial disclosure This study does not report results of a clinical trial.

Purpose: To create a survey to assess the economic impact that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic post-mitigation (post-shutdown) has had on pediatric ophthalmologists. Methods: A 14-question survey was disseminated to United States–based pediatric ophthalmologists on the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) discussion board and on social media. Demographic data and data on the economic effect of the COVID-19 pandemic post-mitigation were collected. Results: A total of 129 pediatric ophthalmologists completed the survey. Eighty-four (65.1%) respondents reported a clinical revenue decrease of greater than 10%, 83 (64.3%) a surgical decrease of greater than 10%, and 66 (51.2%) an income decrease of greater than 10%. Fifteen (11.6%) respondents reported limiting the number of Medicaid patients. This was more prevalent among those in private practice (P = .027). Twenty-seven (20.9%) pediatric ophthalmologists responded that they planned to retire earlier than anticipated because of the pandemic and 2 (1.6%) responded that they have retired since the start of the pandemic. Six (4.7%) respondents reported that they have sold their practice since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions: Pediatric ophthalmologists continue to face economic challenges introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Reduced revenue may represent a new normal for the near future in pediatric ophthalmology. These unprecedented economic upheavals come at a time when the field of pediatric ophthalmology already faces difficulties with low reimbursement and attracting new trainees. This multitude of issues may escalate into a crisis in providing appropriate pediatric ophthalmic care. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2022;59(5):291–295.]

Purpose: To define potential factors that influence the perceived urgency of strabismus surgery with a specific focus on the contributions of gender, degree of strabismus, and direction of strabismus. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to members of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS). Respondents provided demographic information and ranked eight photographs of adults digitally altered to create varying degrees of strabismus according to perceived urgency for surgery. Results: Pediatric ophthalmologists ranked deviations of increasing size with increasing treatment urgency. Men were perceived with higher urgency for treatment compared to women in the smaller angles of strabismus. No consistent preference for type of deviation was found. Conclusions: The gender of the patient and the amount of misalignment may influence the urgency of surgical management among strabismus surgeons. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 20XX;X(X):XX–XX.]

If the measurement was similar in the right eye, I would recess approximately 6 mm. Nelson: If the refraction was larger (eg, +2.00 or +3.00 D), would you give the glasses initially and reevaluate the patient or would you still do the surgery? Nelson: The same patient whom you treated comes back 2 years later and now has redeveloped esotropia of 15 to 20 PD, has a 10-degree face turn, is able to abduct the eye just past midline, and has a minimal refraction. Nelson: The next case is also Duane retraction syndrome in a 4-year-old child with a left face turn of approximately 15 degrees, esotropia in the primary position of 25 PD, and a significant leash effect upward on attempted adduction. Nelson: The next patient is a 4-year-old boy who has a right face turn of 10 degrees in primary position and a left hypotropia of 10 PD. He is unable to elevate his left eye in the adducting position, but the elevation improves in the straight up and abducting positions.

The authors conducted a 10-year retrospective review of all patients within one physician's practice to determine the frequency of spontaneous resolution of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children older than 1 year during the interval between scheduling and date of probing. This review found 4.4% of eyes resolved within an average interval period of 39 days. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56:e31–e33.]

Purpose: To document prospectively the effect of four-muscle tenotomy surgery on visual acuity (VA) and nystagmus intensity and assess, by the use of a questionnaire, the experience of adult patients and the parents of children who have had the four-muscle tenotomy procedure for nystagmus in the absence of strabismus or an anomalous head position. The qualitative perceived benefits or lack thereof from the procedure were compared to the subjective effects on nystagmus intensity and VA. Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed as having congenital/infantile or acquired nystagmus, including albinism or other visual sensory disorders without anomalous head positions or coexisting strabismus, were included in this study. The changes in preoperative and postoperative VA and nystagmus were evaluated based on clinical and perceptual measurements and video recordings. Results: All 15 patients had preoperative and postoperative ophthalmological examinations. One patient had a postoperative conjunctival cyst, which was successfully removed. Fourteen patients (93%) showed clinical VA improvement in at least one eye. Fourteen patients were video recorded preoperatively and postoperatively to analyze their nystagmus intensity; case 9 was not included. Postoperatively, 10 patients (71%) showed a decrease in nystagmus intensity. Thirteen patients (87%) perceived vision improvement and 11 patients (73%) perceived a decrease in nystagmus intensity. All patients experienced either clinically improved VA or a decrease in nystagmus intensity. Fourteen patients (93%) perceived either improved VA or a decrease in nystagmus intensity. The preoperative and postoperative changes in VA (All 15 patients had preoperative and postoperative ophthalmological examinations. One patient had a postoperative conjunctival cyst, which was successfully removed. Fourteen patients (93%) showed clinical VA improvement in at least one eye. Fourteen patients were video recorded preoperatively and postoperatively to analyze their nystagmus intensity; case 9 was not included. Postoperatively, 10 patients (71%) showed a decrease in nystagmus intensity. Thirteen patients (87%) perceived vision improvement and 11 patients (73%) perceived a decrease in nystagmus intensity. All patients experienced either clinically improved VA or a decrease in nystagmus intensity. Fourteen patients (93%) perceived either improved VA or a decrease in nystagmus intensity. The preoperative and postoperative changes in VA ( P = .002) and nystagmus intensity ( P = .043) were both statistically significant. Conclusions: The authors have shown that four-muscle tenotomy surgery for nystagmus can improve VA and decrease nystagmus intensity. The study yielded subjective patient satisfaction, modest objective improvement in VA, and no significant complications. [[ J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus . 2016;53(1):16–21.]

Myopia can also indicate other pathologic conditions. In young children, glaucoma is often associated with excessive tearing, which may mimic a nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Schnall: I would explain to the parents that prescribing glasses may help with the binocular vision and may prevent amblyopia, but it's possible that glasses will not make any difference.

To investigate the effectiveness of an eye muscle surgery course on first- and second-year postgraduate ophthalmology residents. This prospective cohort pilot study invited first- and second-year ophthalmology residents to participate in a 2-hour strabismus surgery course at Wills Eye Hospital. The course consisted of a didactic session followed by a wet laboratory session. The wet laboratory session simulated strabismus surgery using a model constructed of chicken breast followed by partial-thickness scleral suture passes in pig eyes. A structured self-assessment evaluation form and a questionnaire in the validated Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric approved by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO-OSCAR:strabismus) were used to assess the effectiveness of the course. A total of 12 residents, 8 (67%) first-year and 4 (33%) second-year, were enrolled for this survey. Following the course, most residents felt less anxious (73%). All residents responded that the course was helpful or somewhat helpful in preparation for strabismus surgery. Regarding the distribution of ratings on questions of subjective experience, knowledge of steps, and understanding of potential complications, the residents gave significantly higher ratings after the course (P < .029). The change in the modified ICO-OSCAR:strabismus assessment's mean score was statistically significant before and after training (P = .038). A strabismus course can play an important role in preparing residents for strabismus surgery. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(6):339-345.].

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency and amount of visual improvement in amblyopic eyes of adults following visual loss in the dominant eye resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma.Methods and analysisRetrospective case series of adult patients with amblyopia and dominant eye visual loss resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma. Review of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in each eye (amblyopia eye vs melanoma eye) at date first seen and over time following treatment of uveal melanoma. BCVA in each eye was graded as improved (>2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) lines) or unimproved (<2 logMAR lines).ResultsTwenty-one patients that met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at presentation was 56 years (range 39–73 years). Following treatment of the uveal melanoma and decline of BCVA in the dominant, the BCVA in the amblyopic eye improved in 11/21 (52%; 95% CI 30% to 74 %) patients. The degree of visual loss in the melanoma eye was to the level of the amblyopic eye or worse in 14 patients. In this group, BCVA improved in the amblyopic eye in 9/14 (64%; 95% CI 35% to 87 %) patients. Of these nine with improved eyes, the mean starting visual acuity was logMAR 0.6 (20/80) with mean improvement of logMAR 0.4 (4 lines±0.13 (range 0.2–0.6). Eight of nine eyes achieved a BCVA of 20/25 (n=3) or 20/20 (n=5).ConclusionVisual acuity in the amblyopic eye of adults can improve following visual loss in the contralateral dominant eye associated with treatment for uveal melanoma.

Strabismus has been known to have a significant genetic component, but the mode of inheritance and the identity of the relevant genes have been enigmatic. This paper reports linkage analysis of nonsyndromic strabismus. The principal results of this study are: (i) the demonstrated feasibility of identifying and recruiting large families in which multiple members have (or had) strabismus; (ii) the linkage in one large family of a presumptive strabismus susceptibility locus to 7p22.1 with a multipoint logarithm of odds score of 4.51 under a model of recessive inheritance; and (iii) the failure to observe significant linkage to 7p in six other multiplex families, consistent with genetic heterogeneity among families. These findings suggest that it will be possible to localize and ultimately identify strabismus susceptibility genes by linkage analysis and mutation screening of candidate genes.