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result(s) for
"Schneider, Robert O"
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Climate change: an emergency management perspective
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to suggest the utility of an emergency management perspective as a guide for policy makers as they respond to the challenges of global climate change.Design methodology approach - This analytical paper begins with a review of scientific literature in an effort to highlight the consensus about risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate change or global warming. Applying the terminology and techniques of natural disaster planning, preparedness, response, and mitigation to climate change, an emergency management perspective is articulated as a viable framework for policy development.Findings - Based on the evidence of a growing consensus in the scientific assessment of climate change, and the need for policy interventions to address the risks and vulnerabilities associated with it, the need for a unifying perspective for policymakers at all levels is apparent. An emergency management perspective is offered herein and holds the potential to provide a foundation for meeting that need.Research limitations implications - An emergency management perspective for global climate change highlights the linkages between the challenges it poses and natural disaster preparedness in general. This may enable policy analysts to draw on the natural hazards literature and techniques as a guide for planning and policy development.Practical implications - The effort to create a consensus of approach that will enable policy makers to speak the same language, participate in the same analysis, contribute to the same dialogue, and pursue the same goals may be advanced by this discussion.Originality value - An emergency management perspective on climate change may offer the potential for developing the least problematic model for policy makers to incorporate as they seek to make their efforts more consistent and more responsible in the face of a global challenge.
Journal Article
Hazard mitigation and sustainable community development
Emergency management has come to be regarded by many analysts as a critical part of the development of sustainable communities. The emergency management function has been linked to issues such as environmental stewardship and community planning. Especially important is the linkage between hazard mitigation efforts and community planning in the context of building sustainable communities. But this conceptual linkage has been difficult to implement in practice. The resolution of this difficulty and a clarification of the essential linkage of hazard mitigation to community planning will require a broader definition and a reformulation of the emergency management function. It will also require an assessment and the removal of impediments that currently stand in the way of the implementation of this linkage. Practical steps can be taken to begin this important chore.
Journal Article
Knowledge and ethical responsibility in industrial disasters
The complexity of surprise industrial disasters, the high probability of their occurrence, their protracted effects, and the risks they impose on humanity make empirical research and international exchanges of information essential. Industrial disasters also give rise to significant ethical uncertainty which requires emergency managers, industrial leaders, and political decision makers to reformulate the manner in which expert knowledge is developed and applied to the tasks of risk reduction and public safety. In assessing the challenges posed by surprise or unexpected industrial disasters, it is the purpose of this essay to heighten awareness of the ethical dimensions of all knowledge in this field. Additionally, the concept of prohibited risk is suggested as a crucial normative variable to be analyzed in the application of this knowledge to the essential tasks of emergency management in relation to industrial disasters.
Journal Article
REALISTIC POLITICS: AN INQUIRY INTO THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL COMMUNITY
The primary aim of this work is to develop a definition of politics in the context of a realistic philosophy. The result of this effort might be a useful and interesting alternative for the analysis of political life. The \"realistic\" philosophy to which I refer has its roots in classical philosophy. It is associated with the work of both Plato and Aristotle. Plato, it will be demonstrated, may be interpreted as a metaphysical realist. The label metaphysical realist here suggests a concern with ontology. The ontological question is one of being as the source or ground for human consciousness. Aristotle, on the other hand, may be interpreted as an epistemological realist. His focus was on the human consciousness of universals as a fact. The metaphysical realist holds that universals and particulars are both independently real, whereas the epistemological realist holds that universals are mere properties of particulars. Metaphysical realism is the philosophy which shall be elaborated on in this work. Chapter I consists of a general introduction to realistic philosophy. Chapter II is a reading of Plato as a metaphysical realist. Chapters III and IV will continue the realistic reading of Plato. The purpose here will be to establish the basic principles of realistic political philosophy. Chapter V will represent an attempt to suggest the significance of a realistic approach to the study of contemporary politics. The primary objective will be to develop a definition of politics which may serve as the foundation for political analysis.
Dissertation
The ubiquitin ligase parkin mediates resistance to intracellular pathogens
Ubiquitin-mediated targeting of intracellular bacteria to the autophagy pathway is a key innate defence mechanism against invading microbes, including the important human pathogen
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
. However, the ubiquitin ligases responsible for catalysing ubiquitin chains that surround intracellular bacteria are poorly understood. The parkin protein is a ubiquitin ligase with a well-established role in mitophagy, and mutations in the parkin gene (
PARK2
) lead to increased susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease. Surprisingly, genetic polymorphisms in the
PARK2
regulatory region are also associated with increased susceptibility to intracellular bacterial pathogens in humans, including
Mycobacterium leprae
and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhi, but the function of parkin in immunity has remained unexplored. Here we show that parkin has a role in ubiquitin-mediated autophagy of
M. tuberculosis
. Both parkin-deficient mice and flies are sensitive to various intracellular bacterial infections, indicating parkin has a conserved role in metazoan innate defence. Moreover, our work reveals an unexpected functional link between mitophagy and infectious disease.
Mutations in the ubiquitin ligase parkin are associated with increased susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease; parkin is already known to have a role in mitophagy and this work identifies a new innate immunity role for parkin in ubiquitin-mediated autophagy of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Parkin links mitophagy and xenophagy
The ubiquitin ligase parkin is required for ubiquitination and for mitophagy — the type of autophagy involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria. This study demonstrates that parkin also acts in innate immune defence, marking
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-containing phagosomes with ubiquitin chains and targeting them for xenophagy, the autophagic degradation process that deals with intracellular bacterial pathogens. The fact that parkin regulates a common cellular program for the quality control of endogenous mitochondria (self) and the eradication of harmful bacterial pathogens (non-self) is intriguing in light of the presumed evolutionary origin of mitochondria from a bacterial endosymbiont.
Journal Article
Tonsil biopsy to detect chronic wasting disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by immunohistochemistry
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) continues to spread in wild and farmed cervid populations. Early antemortem CWD testing of farmed cervids is of considerable interest to producers and regulatory agencies as a tool to combat this spread. The tissues accessible for antemortem sampling are limited and include biopsy of the tonsil and recto-anal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (RAMALT). The sensitivity to detect CWD by immunohistochemistry (IHC)—the regulatory gold standard—using biopsy samples of RAMALT from naturally infected white-tailed deer (WTD) has been determined by several studies. However, similar information is lacking for tonsil biopsy. In this study, two-bite tonsil biopsies from 79 naturally infected farmed WTD were used to determine the diagnostic sensitivity of tonsil IHC compared to the official CWD status based on results from the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes and obex. IHC detection of CWD by tonsil biopsy was compared to the result and follicle metrics from the contralateral whole tonsil. The sensitivity of two-bite tonsil biopsy for detecting CWD by IHC was 72% overall. When the stage of infection was considered, the sensitivity was 92% for deer in late preclinical infection but only 55% for early preclinical infection. For deer with early preclinical infection, the sensitivity for deer homozygous for the prion protein gene ( PRNP ) coding for glycine at codon 96 (GG) was 66% but only 30% when heterozygous for the serine substitution (GS). The results indicate that the sensitivity of two-bite tonsil biopsy in WTD, and consequently its potential utility as an antemortem diagnostic, is limited during early infection, especially in WTD heterozygous for the serine substitution at PRNP codon 96.
Journal Article