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"Schnitzler, Annick"
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Multiple factors affecting Ixodes ricinus ticks and associated pathogens in European temperate ecosystems (northeastern France)
In Europe, the main vector of tick-borne zoonoses is
Ixodes ricinus
, which has three life stages. During their development cycle, ticks take three separate blood meals from a wide variety of vertebrate hosts, during which they can acquire and transmit human pathogens such as
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. In this study conducted in Northeastern France, we studied the importance of soil type, land use, forest stand type, and temporal dynamics on the abundance of ticks and their associated pathogens. Negative binomial regression modeling of the results indicated that limestone-based soils were more favorable to ticks than sandstone-based soils. The highest tick abundance was observed in forests, particularly among coniferous and mixed stands. We identified an effect of habitat time dynamics in forests and in wetlands: recent forests and current wetlands supported more ticks than stable forests and former wetlands, respectively. We observed a close association between tick abundance and the abundance of Cervidae, Leporidae, and birds. The tick-borne pathogens responsible for Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, and hard tick relapsing fever showed specific habitat preferences and associations with specific animal families. Machine learning algorithms identified soil related variables as the best predictors of tick and pathogen abundance.
Journal Article
Oral vancomycin treatment does not alter markers of postprandial inflammation in lean and obese subjects
Intake of a high‐fat meal induces a systemic inflammatory response in the postprandial which is augmented in obese subjects. However, the underlying mechanisms of this response have not been fully elucidated. We aimed to assess the effect of gut microbiota modulation on postprandial inflammatory response in lean and obese subjects. Ten lean and ten obese subjects with metabolic syndrome received oral vancomycin 500 mg four times per day for 7 days. Oral high‐fat meal tests (50 g fat/m2 body surface area) were performed before and after vancomycin intervention. Gut microbiota composition, leukocyte counts, plasma lipopolysaccharides (LPS), LPS‐binding protein (LBP), IL‐6 and MCP‐1 concentrations and monocyte CCR2 and cytokine expression were determined before and after the high‐fat meal. Oral vancomycin treatment resulted in profound changes in gut microbiota composition and significantly decreased bacterial diversity in both groups (phylogenetic diversity pre‐ versus post‐intervention: lean, 56.9 ± 7.8 vs. 21.4 ± 6.6, P < 0.001; obese, 53.9 ± 7.8 vs. 21.0 ± 5.9, P < 0.001). After intervention, fasting plasma LPS significantly increased (lean, median [IQR] 0.81 [0.63–1.45] EU/mL vs. 2.23 [1.33–3.83] EU/mL, P = 0.017; obese, median [IQR] 0.76 [0.45–1.03] EU/mL vs. 1.44 [1.11–4.24], P = 0.014). However, postprandial increases in leukocytes and plasma LPS were unaffected by vancomycin in both groups. Moreover, we found no changes in plasma LBP, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 or in monocyte CCR2 expression. Despite major vancomycin‐induced disruption of the gut microbiota and increased fasting plasma LPS, the postprandial inflammatory phenotype in lean and obese subjects was unaffected in this study. Translocation of intestinal bacteria into the blood is implicated in the systemic inflammatory response that occurs after a high fat meal. We showed that after gut microbiota manipulation with vancomycin, the postprandial inflammatory phenotype in lean and obese subjects is unaffected, despite major vancomycin‐induced disruption of the gut microbiota and increased fasting plasma LPS. This suggests that bacterial translocation may not play a large role in postprandial inflammation.
Journal Article