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Laurent, CM, Green, JM, Bishop, PA, Sjökvist, J, Schumacker, RE, Richardson, MT, and Curtner-Smith, M. A practical approach to monitoring recoverydevelopment of a perceived recovery status scale. J Strength Cond Res 25(3)620-628, 2011-The aim of this study was to develop and test the practical utility of a perceived recovery status (PRS) scale. Sixteen volunteers (8 men, 8 women) performed 4 bouts of high-intensity intermittent sprint exercise. After completion of the baseline trial, in a repeated-measures design, subjects were given variable counterbalanced recovery periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours whereupon they repeated an identical intermittent exercise protocol. After a warm-up period, but before beginning each subsequent bout of intermittent sprinting, each individual provided their perceived level of recovery with a newly developed PRS scale. Similar to perceived exertion during exercise, PRS was based on subjective feelings. The utility of the PRS scale was assessed by measuring the level of agreement of an individualʼs perceived recovery relative to their performance during the exercise bout. Perceived recovery status and change (both positive and negative) in sprint performance during multiple bouts of repeated sprint exercise were moderately negative correlated (r = −0.63). Additionally, subjects were able to accurately assess level of recovery using the PRS scale indicated by correspondence with negative and positive changes in total sprint time relative to their previous session. The ability to detect changes in performance using a noninvasive psychobiological tool to identify differences in performance was independent of other psychological and physiological markers measured during testing, because there were no differences (p > 0.05) among ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, or session RPE values among any of the performance trials. Although further study is needed, current results indicate a subjective approach may be an effective means for assessing recovery from day to day, at least under similar conditions.

Background: Parental involvement is one of the most important factors affecting students’ academic learning. Different families seem to show similar parental involvement patterns. This study employed a representative sample of 12,575 seventh- and eighth-grade Chinese students’ parents to explore the patterns of parental involvement. (2) Methods: Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify different parental involvement styles in children’s studies at home. Discriminant analysis, MANOVA, post-hoc tests, and effect size were used to verify the LCA results. (3) Results: Four distinctive latent class groups were identified and named: supportive (20%), permissive (54%), restrictive (8%), and neglectful (18%). A discriminant analysis supported the LCA group classification results. The MANOVA results indicated statistically significant differences between the four latent classes using the set of predictor variables. The post-hoc test results and effect sizes showed that the predictor variables had substantial differences among the four latent class groups. Parental education and family income showed statistically significant links to these four parental involvement styles, which, in turn, were linked to students’ academic achievement according to the MANOVA, effect sizes, and post-hoc test results. (4) Conclusions: Parental involvement styles in children’s learning at home can be identified and categorized into four different latent class styles.

This study examined whether the teacher-student relationship (TSR) served as a protective factor for students from families of lower socioeconomic status (SES). It was based on data from a standard mathematics assessment and survey using student and teacher questionnaires that were developed by the Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality (CICA-BEQ) in China in 2016, which included 8707 fourth-grade Chinese students nested within 164 classes. We used multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy in mathematics in the relationship between SES and mathematics achievement and the moderating role of TSR in the direct and indirect relationship between SES and mathematics achievement at both the student-level and the class-level. The results suggested that the effect of SES on mathematics achievement was mediated by academic self-efficacy in mathematics both at the student-level and the class-level. The results also demonstrated a significant interaction between TSR and SES for self-efficacy both at the student-level and the class-level. Additionally, statistics indicated that TSR moderated the indirect relationship between SES and achievement via academic self-efficacy in mathematics.

Post hoc and planned comparison procedures for interpreting chi-square contingency-table test results, not currently discussed in most standard textbooks, are presented. A planned comparison procedure that simplifies the tedious process of partitioning a contingency table by creating single-degree-of-freedom contrasts through a regression-based approach is proposed. Importantly, these post hoc methods supplement the analysis of standardized residuals by reporting the percentage contribution for each cell to the overall chi-square statistic (relative contribution) and to the percentage of variance shared by the two factors (absolute contribution). Both methods can be readily incorporated into existing statistical packages such as SAS or SPSS. The equivalence of the percentage contribution method to the more common standardized residual method is also presented along with an example of a typical application.

Impaired respiration reduces firefighters’ work capacity. This study evaluated the effect of menthol lozenge on respiratory and perceptual responses during exercise in a hot environment. Ten participants wearing firefighter protective gear performed two repeated exercise and rest trials in a counter-balanced order. Exercise consisted of two bouts of 20-min treadmill exercise at 60% of maximal oxygen uptake and one bout of 20-min stepping exercise at a wet bulb global temperature of 35°C. Participants either took 10-mg menthol or control lozenges prior to the beginning of each exercise bout. Respiratory gas exchange, heart rate, thermal sensation, and breathing comfort were continuously recorded. Menthol lozenges significantly increased pulmonary ventilation (menthol: 45.0±6.6 L•min-1 vs. control: 41.4±5.8 L•min-1 and menthol: 52.7±9.7 L•min-1 vs. control: 46.5±7.0 L•min-1, for the 1st and 2nd treadmill exercise, respectively) and oxygen consumption (menthol: 26.7±2.0 ml•kg-1•min-1 vs. control: 25.2±2.3 ml•kg-1•min-1 and menthol: 28.8±2.3 ml•kg-1•min-1 vs. control: 26.9±1.9 ml•kg-1•min-1, for the 1st and 2nd treadmill exercise, respe¬cti¬ve¬ly) (p<0.05). The effect of menthol on respiration disappeared during the stepping exercise (p>0.05). The ventilatory equivalents though were not different throughout the exercise (p>0.05). Ratings of thermal sensation and breathing comfort were not different (p>0.05). It was concluded that menthol could alter breathing pattern and increase respiratory responses during strenuous exercise in the heat. There was no favorable effect of menthol on respiratory or perceptual responses under exercise-heat stress.

Despite the ongoing nursing shortage, nurse educators are responsible for preparing students to practice in highly complex health care systems. As nurse educators explore new learning strategies to support an increase in student admissions, they must also evaluate the impact of these strategies on the quality of the educational experience. The study reported here evaluated the impact of scenario-based, high-fidelity patient simulation used to increase student admissions in an associate degree and baccalaureate nursing program in north-central Texas upon students' sense of their own clinical competence, graduating grade point average (GPA), and performance on standardized exit examinations. These are measures commonly used by nurse educators as metrics of success.

This study examined heat stress, heart rate (HR), fluid balance, micro-environment temperature and humidity with Islamic athletic clothing (IC) compared to traditional soccer uniform (SC). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE (S-RPE), comfort, and cooling response were also examined. Female volunteers ( N  = 8) completed a treadmill test and then, in a randomized, counter-balanced order, two intermittent running bouts (45 min total) in a hot environment (30.0°C WBGT) in IC and SC. Thereafter, participants sat for 40 min in the hot ambient environment. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significantly greater micro-environment temperature ( p  = 0.02) (IC 33.3 ± 3.2°C, SC 32.0 ± 2.8°C) and humidity ( p  = 0.04) (IC 48.4 ± 8.1%, SC 42.9 ± 7.9%) in IC during the exercise trial but no difference in the 40-min recovery period for micro-environment temperature ( p  = 0.25) or humidity ( p  = 0.18). No significant difference ( p  > 0.05) was shown for core temperature ( T rec ) (IC 38.3 ± 0.4°C, SC 38.2 ± 0.4°C), HR (IC l54 ± 28 beats min −1 , SC 151 ± 26 beats min −1 ) or RPE (IC 4.7 ± 2.1, SC 3.8 ± 1.7) during the exercise trial or recovery period. Results from a paired t test revealed a significantly greater ( p  < 0.05) S-RPE (IC 5.8 ± 1.2, SC 4.3 ± 1.9), sweat loss (IC 1.4 ± 0.4 L h −1 , SC 1.2 ± 0.4 L h −1 ) and greater discomfort during the exercise and recovery period for the IC. IC clothing appears to have no detrimental effects on heat storage or heat strain during exercise or recovery.

The utility of personality assessment in chronic pain populations can be greatly enhanced with the understanding of risk assessment and the heterogeneous nature of at-risk personality types. Simplistic, unidimensional notions of risk have not been useful in assessing psychosocial and functional impairment in those with chronic pain syndromes. Previous literature suggests that certain combinations of psychometric scales, as opposed to individual scales, may be more useful in predicting the multiplicity of factors associated with functional disability among chronic pain patients. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed on the 8 coping scales of the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory. Analyses revealed 3 distinct groups. The first cluster, termed repressors, exhibited high introversive and cooperative scales, and low forceful scales. The second cluster, termed amplifiers, exhibited high inhibited and sensitive scales. The third cluster, termed social copers, exhibited high confident and social scales. Analyses of these 3 clusters with regard to measures of psychopathology (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory II), depression (Beck Depression Inventory), functional impairment (Chronic Illness Problem Inventory), and other measures (Multidimensional Pain Inventory) resulted in significantly different levels of psychosocial and functional impairment. These clusters identified those patients who are at risk for nondisclosure of psychosocial dysfunction, those who are most emotionally distressed, and those who are most likely to comply with treatment. Consequently, such classifications identify psychosocial variables that will dictate a differential treatment approach and thus have potentially important clinical applications.

The binomial effect size display (BESD) has been proposed by Rosenthal and Rubin (1979, 1982; Rosenthal, 1990; Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1991) as a format for presenting effect sizes associated with certain experimental and nonexperimental research. An evaluation of the BESD suggests that its application is limited to presenting the results of 2 × 2 tables where φ is employed as the index of effect size. Findings indicate that the BESD provides little added information beyond an examination of the raw percentages in the 2 × 2 table and dramatically distorts effect sizes when binomial success rates vary from .50.