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"Scott, Kelly"
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Zombie in love
When all his efforts to find a sweetheart fail, Mortimer the zombie decides to place an ad in the newspaper.
Book
Individuality in gut microbiota composition is a complex polygenic trait shaped by multiple environmental and host genetic factors
In vertebrates, including humans, individuals harbor gut microbial communities whose species composition and relative proportions of dominant microbial groups are tremendously varied. Although external and stochastic factors clearly contribute to the individuality of the microbiota, the fundamental principles dictating how environmental factors and host genetic factors combine to shape this complex ecosystem are largely unknown and require systematic study. Here we examined factors that affect microbiota composition in a large (n = 645) mouse advanced intercross line originating from a cross between C57BL/6J and an ICR-derived outbred line (HR). Quantitative pyrosequencing of the microbiota defined a core measurable microbiota (CMM) of 64 conserved taxonomic groups that varied quantitatively across most animals in the population. Although some of this variation can be explained by litter and cohort effects, individual host genotype had a measurable contribution. Testing of the CMM abundances for cosegregation with 530 fully informative SNP markers identified 18 host quantitative trait loci (QTL) that show significant or suggestive genomewide linkage with relative abundances of specific microbial taxa. These QTL affect microbiota composition in three ways; some loci control individual microbial species, some control groups of related taxa, and some have putative pleiotropic effects on groups of distantly related organisms. These data provide clear evidence for the importance of host genetic control in shaping individual microbiome diversity in mammals, a key step toward understanding the factors that govern the assemblages of gut microbiota associated with complex diseases.
Journal Article
Zombie in love 2+1
\"Zombie lovebirds Mortimer and Mildred discover a baby on their doorstep. They're worried sick when the baby sleeps through the night and hardly ever cries. How will they teach him to be a proper zombie child?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Prevention of tumorigenesis in mice by exercise is dependent on strain background and timing relative to carcinogen exposure
Among cancer diagnoses, colorectal cancer (CRC) is prevalent, with a lifetime risk of developing CRC being approximately 5%. Population variation surrounding the mean risk of developing CRCs has been associated with both inter-individual differences in genomic architecture and environmental exposures. Decreased risk of CRC has been associated with physical activity, but protective responses are variable. Here, we utilized a series of experiments to examine the effects of genetic background (strain), voluntary exercise (wheel running), and their interaction on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced intestinal tumor number and size in mice. Additionally, we investigated how the timing of exercise relative to AOM exposure, and amount of exercise, affected tumor number and size. Our results indicated that voluntary exercise significantly reduced tumor number in a strain dependent manner. Additionally, among strains where exercise reduced tumor number (A/J, CC0001/Unc) the timing of voluntary exercise relative to AOM exposure was crucial. Voluntary exercise prior to or during AOM treatment resulted in a significant reduction in tumor number, but exercise following AOM exposure had no effect. The results indicate that voluntary exercise should be used as a preventative measure to reduce risk for environmentally induced CRC with the realization that the extent of protection may depend on genetic background.
Journal Article
The soccer surprise
\"A famous soccer star is coming to town, but can practice with a pro help the MVP kids score big at their next game?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
SHINKEI—a novel 3D isotropic MR neurography technique: technical advantages over 3DIRTSE-based imaging
Objectives
Technical assessment of SHINKEI pulse sequence and conventional 3DIRTSE for LS plexus MR neurography.
Methods
Twenty-one MR neurography examinations of the LS plexus were performed at 3 T, using 1.5-mm isotropic 3DIRTSE and SHINKEI sequences. Images were evaluated for motion and pulsation artefacts, nerve signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio, nerve-to-fat ratio, muscle-to-fat ratio, fat suppression homogeneity and depiction of LS plexus branches. Paired Student
t
test was used to assess differences in nerve conspicuity (
p
< 0.05 was considered statistically significant). ICC correlation was obtained for intraobserver performance.
Results
Four examinations were excluded due to prior spine surgery. Bowel motion artefacts, pulsation artefacts, heterogeneous fat saturation and patient motion were seen in 16/17, 0/17, 17/17, 2/17 on 3DIRTSE and 0/17, 0/17, 0/17, 1/17 on SHINKEI. SHINKEI performed better (
p
< 0.01) for nerve signal-to-noise, contrast-to-noise, nerve-to-fat and muscle-to-fat ratios. 3DIRTSE and SHINKEI showed all LS plexus nerve roots, sciatic and femoral nerves. Smaller branches including obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous and iliohypogastric nerves were seen in 10/17, 5/17, 1/17 on 3DIRTSE and 17/17, 16/17, 7/17 on SHINKEI. Intraobserver reliability was excellent.
Conclusion
SHINKEI MRN demonstrates homogeneous and superior fat suppression with increased nerve signal- and contrast-to-noise ratios resulting in better conspicuity of smaller LS plexus branches.
Key Points
• SHINKEI provides homogeneous and superior fat suppression, shown by higher nerve and muscle-to-fat ratios.
• SHINKEI shows better nerve signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios than 3DIRTSE.
• SHINKEI enables nerve-selective images with increased conspicuity of smaller LS plexus branches.
• SHINKEI should be considered in routine MR neurography of the LS plexus.
Journal Article
The gold medal mess
\"Five friends are ready for their school's Olympics field day. But not everyone wants to play fair: someone is trying to ruin the events. Can the kids in the Most Valuable Player club solve the mystery, save the Olympics, and take home the gold?\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
NK Cells Promote Th-17 Mediated Corneal Barrier Disruption in Dry Eye
The conjunctiva contains a specialized population of lymphocytes that reside in the epithelium, named intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL).
Here we characterized the IEL population prior to and after experimental desiccating stress (DS) for 5 or 10 days (DS5, DS10) and evaluated the effect of NK depletion on DS. The frequency of IELs in normal murine conjunctiva was CD3(+)CD103(+) (~22%), CD3(+)γδ(+) (~9.6%), CD3(+)NK(+) (2%), CD3(-)NK(+) (~4.4%), CD3(+)CD8α (~0.9%), and CD4 (~0.6%). Systemic depletion of NK cells prior and during DS led to a decrease in the frequency of total and activated DCs, a decrease in T helper-17(+) cells in the cervical lymph nodes and generation of less pathogenic CD4(+)T cells. B6.nude recipient mice of adoptively transferred CD4(+)T cells isolated from NK-depleted DS5 donor mice showed significantly less corneal barrier disruption, lower levels of IL-17A, CCL20 and MMP-3 in the cornea epithelia compared to recipients of control CD4(+)T cells.
Taken together, these results show that the NK IELs are involved in the acute immune response to desiccation-induced dry eye by activating DC, which in turn coordinate generation of the pathogenic Th-17 response.
Journal Article
Endurance : my year in space and how I got there
Adapted from the memoir of NASA astronaut Scott Kelly, who spent a record-breaking year in space.
Book
Thermal acclimation mitigates cold-induced paracellular leak from the Drosophila gut
Chill susceptible insects suffer tissue damage and die at low temperatures. The mechanisms that cause chilling injury are not well understood but a growing body of evidence suggests that a cold-induced loss of ion and water homeostasis leads to hemolymph hyperkalemia that depolarizes cells, leading to cell death. The apparent root of this cascade is the net leak of osmolytes down their concentration gradients in the cold. Many insects, however, are capable of adjusting their thermal physiology, and cold-acclimated
Drosophila
can maintain homeostasis and avoid injury better than warm-acclimated flies. Here, we test whether chilling causes a loss of epithelial barrier function in female adult
Drosophila
, and provide the first evidence of cold-induced epithelial barrier failure in an invertebrate. Flies had increased rates of paracellular leak through the gut epithelia at 0 °C, but cold acclimation reduced paracellular permeability and improved cold tolerance. Improved barrier function was associated with changes in the abundance of select septate junction proteins and the appearance of a tortuous ultrastructure in subapical intercellular regions of contact between adjacent midgut epithelial cells. Thus, cold causes paracellular leak in a chill susceptible insect and cold acclimation can mitigate this effect through changes in the composition and structure of transepithelial barriers.
Journal Article