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Nanometric hetero‐interfaces provide a wealth of scientific and engineering opportunities due to their complex and often misunderstood properties that can differ from their respective bulk constituents. In this work, the ability for engineered nanostructures within a bulk U─Mo alloy to arrest simulant fission products is investigated experimentally and computationally. Nanostructured 90 wt% U/ 10 wt% Mo (U‐10Mo) with 7.1 at% Nd is consolidated using spark‐plasma‐ sintering (SPS) techniques and is heat‐treated at 500 °C under vacuum for 24, 100, 500, and 1000 h. Analysis on the sintered and heat‐treated U‐10Mo reveals rapid kinetics in Nd diffusion to nanocluster sites, with evidence of Nd diffusion occurring during sintering and during the following heat‐treatment. The segregation behavior of Nd at two different U─Mo/UN interfaces is computationally verified using density functional theory (DFT) to reinforce experimental data. This work endeavors to engineer uranium mononitride (UN) nanostructures within a metallic nuclear fuel (U─Mo), in order to trap potential fission products (Nd). From consolidation of the nanostructured U─Mo powders all the way to 1000 h at reactor‐like temperatures (500 °C), Nd preferentially migrates to nanostructure boundaries (hetero‐interfaces). This technology can help prevent fuel‐cladding chemical interactions while not reducing fuel smear density within nuclear reactor cores.

Discover the tricks of the trade for writing compelling and concise fiction. Whether you've never written fiction before or are looking to brush up your skills and learn new techniques for crafting your words, this book gives you savvy advice on navigating the writing process.

Porosity and roughened surfaces of implant materials have been shown to lead to improved cellular attachment and enhanced osseointegration. These topography changes in the surface also aid in the mechanical interlocking of the material to the bone. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has emerged as a popular alternative to titanium-based implants due to its lack of stress-shielding effect, radiolucency, and high chemical resistance. However, PEEK is bioinert, thus requiring surface modifications to elicit appropriate cellular responses that lead to successful osteointegration of the material in vivo. Sulfonation is a process used to modify the surface of PEEK, which can be controlled by varying parameters such as soak time and soak temperature, thereby fabricating a porous surface on the material. This work aimed to ensure the repeatability of a previously optimized sulfonated and hydrothermally treated PEEK surface and subsequently observe the mechanical properties, bacterial attachment, and cellular response of pre-osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells on the surface. This study found that while all PEEK surfaces had similar cell and Staphylococcus aureus attachment, the sulfonated and hydrothermally treated PEEK (peak mean load of 605 N, p ≤ 0.0001) and the sulfonated only PEEK (peak mean load of 495 N, p = 0.0240) had a higher level of performance in expulsion testing than smooth PEEK due to its mechanical interlocking ability. Imaging and contact angle analysis confirm that a surface with repeatable porosity can be achieved.

Observations made during the last ten years with the Chandra X-ray Observatory have shed much light on the cooling gas in the centers of clusters of galaxies and the role of active galactic nucleus (AGN) heating. Cooling of the hot intracluster medium in cluster centers can feed the supermassive black holes found in the nuclei of the dominant cluster galaxies leading to AGN outbursts which can reheat the gas, suppressing cooling and large amounts of star formation. AGN heating can come in the form of shocks, buoyantly rising bubbles that have been inflated by radio lobes, and the dissipation of sound waves.

M87, in the Virgo cluster, allows us to study the interaction of a supermassive black hole (SMBH) with its hot gaseous atmosphere. Deep Chandra observations reveal a nearly circular shock front with a Mach number of 1.2 and a radius of 13 kpc which is driven by a central cavity inflated by an SMBH outburst began 12 million years ago. An outburst with an energy of a ~5×57 ergs and a duration of ~2 Myrs provides a good match to all the constraints. For an outburst repetition rate of about 12 Myrs (the outburst age), the outburst energy is sufficient to balance the radiative cooling of the gas. The outburst duration in M87 argues for a “gentle” (long duration) outburst that does not generate strong shocks and where much of the outburst energy is deposited in the cavities that then transfer energy to the surrounding gas as they buoyantly rise.

Correspondence to Dr Scott Randall Brown, Sports Performance Research In New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, Rosedale, New Zealand; scott.brown@aut.ac.nz What did I do? I (1) identified laboratory-based tools to assess a surrogate measure of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk (knee abduction (valgus) moment), (2) assessed differences between positions and legs following a theoretical model of injury risk factors and (3) outlined a new framework for assessing rugby athletes to help guide the progression of individualised training strategies. A visual illustration of the multiple assessment protocol used in this PhD consisting of concentric and eccentric isokinetic (A) knee and (B) hip flexion and extension strength via a Humac Norm dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine, Stoughton, Massachusetts, USA), (C) multiple difficulties of dynamic single-leg balance via a Biodex Balance SD (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, New York, USA), (D) various phases of sprint kinetics via a Woodway Force non-motorised treadmill (Woodway USA, Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA) and (E) maximal effort sidestepping mechanics via three-dimensional Vicon motion capture system (9-camera T10S, Vicon Motion System, West Way, Oxford, GBR, UK). Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: criteria-based progression through the return-to-sport phase.

\"4 In essence, the HEOA creates readmission rights for servicemembers who are students, similar to the reemployment rights contained in the Uniform Servicemembers Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA).5 Under 20 U.S.C. § 1091c(c), student-Soldiers must satisfy three prerequisites to qualify for readmission rights.6 First, the student must give advance written or verbal notice of military service to the appropriate official at the institution of higher education.7 Second, the cumulative length of the absence (and of all previous absences) from the institution of higher education by reason of service cannot exceed five years.8 Finally, upon their return, students must submit a notification of intent to reenroll in the institution.9 As with USERRA, the implementing regulations for the readmission section of the HEOA contain important provisions that clarify and expand the language of the original statue.10 Pursuant to 34 C.F.R. § 668.18(a)(2), an institution must promptly readmit a servicemember whose absence was necessitated by military service with the same academic status as the student had when the student last attended the institution.11 This means student-Soldiers receive the same enrollment status, the same number of credit hours, and the same academic standing on their readmission to the institution.12 Most importantly, if the student-Soldier is readmitted into the same academic program, for the first academic year after returning, the tuition and fees will be the same as the academic year during which the student-Soldier left the institution.13 Another significant right provided to returning student- Soldiers is the right to receive refresher training to prepare for their academic programs.14 Under 34 U.S.C. § 668.18(a)(2)(iv), if an institution determines student-Soldiers are not prepared to resume their program at the same academic status, the institution must make reasonable efforts at no extra cost to the student to assist them to become prepared.15 These reasonable efforts may include providing free refresher courses and allowing the students to retake pretests at no extra cost.16 There are two important distinctions between the readmission provisions of the HEOA and USERRA.17 First, the HEOA only applies to active-duty service \"under Federal authority\" for thirty or more consecutive days.18 This means that inactive duty training (IDT), training pursuant to Title 32 for National Guard Soldiers, and active duty for fewer than thirty consecutive days are excluded from its protections.19 Conversely, USERRA applies to IDT, Title 32 training periods, and active duty of any duration.20 In addition, the HEOA allows returning Soldiers up to three years to provide notice of intent to return to their institution upon completion of their military service.21 In contrast, USERRA only allows a maximum of ninety days for returning Soldiers to provide notice of their intent to return to their employers.22 In conclusion, the HEOA contains a little known but very important provision protecting servicemembers attending institutions of higher learning.23 This provision and its implementing regulations create a regime of readmission rights applicable to all servicemembers serving on active duty for thirty or more consecutive days.24 To the maximum extent possible, these readmission rights seek to place the absent servicemember in the same position as those students who did not leave their studies to answer their nation's call to duty.25 This is a laudable goal that Judge Advocates should foster through education and training with respect to this important legislation. -

Background The fields of environment and health are both interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary, and until recently had little engagement in social networking designed to cross disciplinary boundaries. The EU FP6 project HENVINET aimed to establish integrated social network and networking facilities for multiple stakeholders in environment and health. The underlying assumption is that increased social networking across disciplines and sectors will enhance the quality of both problem knowledge and problem solving, by facilitating interactions. Inter- and trans-disciplinary networks are considered useful for this purpose. This does not mean that such networks are easily organized, as openness to such cooperation and exchange is often difficult to ascertain. Methods Different methods may enhance network building. Using a mixed method approach, a diversity of actions were used in order to investigate the main research question: which kind of social networking activities and structures can best support the objective of enhanced inter- and trans-disciplinary cooperation and exchange in the fields of environment and health. HENVINET applied interviews, a role playing session, a personal response system, a stakeholder workshop and a social networking portal as part of the process of building an interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary network. Results The interviews provided support for the specification of requirements for an interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary network. The role playing session, the personal response system and the stakeholder workshop were assessed as useful tools in forming such network, by increasing the awareness by different disciplines of other’s positions. The social networking portal was particularly useful in delivering knowledge, but the role of the scientist in social networking is not yet clear. Conclusions The main challenge in the field of environment and health is not so much a lack of scientific problem knowledge, but rather the ability to effectively communicate, share and use available knowledge for policy making. Structured social network facilities can be useful by policy makers to engage with the research community. It is beneficial for scientists to be able to integrate the perspective of policy makers in the research agenda, and to assist in co-production of policy-relevant information. A diversity of methods need to be applied for network building: according to the fit-for-purpose-principle. It is useful to know which combination of methods and in which time frame produces the best results. Networking projects such as HENVINET are created not only for the benefit of the network itself, but also because the applying of the different methods is a learning tool for future network building. Finally, it is clear that the importance of specialized professionals in enabling effective communication between different groups should not be underestimated.