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Background Floreciendo is a sexual and reproductive health program for Latina teens (14–18 years) and their female caregivers adapted from the evidence-based IMARA intervention. We report on our experience theater testing Floreciendo during the preparation phase of the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework. Floreciendo includes four two-hour sessions (i.e., intervention components). Our aims were to: (1) examine the preliminary acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the intervention components, including the acceptability of the implementation plan (i.e., logistics, strategies), and (2) systematically report on curriculum modifications made based on findings. Methods Using a community-based participatory research approach, we theater tested the program at a community organization over one weekend with three teen-caregiver dyads ( n  = 6) using mixed methods. Immediately following the delivery of each intervention component, teens and caregivers completed surveys and engaged in feedback sessions. Observers ( n  = 8) and facilitators ( n  = 2) completed surveys, recorded activity start and end times, and participated in a post-program discussion. Survey item ratings were on four-point Likert scales, with higher scores indicating more favorable results. Feedback informed subsequent curriculum modifications, which were documented using the FRAME. Results We found high satisfaction with the intervention components among all surveyed ( n  = 16) and with the implementation plan among teens and caregivers ( n  = 6) (≥ 3.7/4.0). Teens and caregivers described sessions as “educational,” “motivating,” “interactive,” and “fun”; all (100%; n  = 6) reported that they would recommend the program to others. Teens and caregivers rated the appropriateness of the material and language/wording highly (4.0/4.0; n  = 6), although caregivers expressed difficulty understanding “passive communication” given translation difficulties. Feasibility was also rated highly across groups (≥ 3.8/4.0; n  = 16); 18% of activities were 10 + minutes longer than planned based on observer reports but the sessions overall remained within 2 min of the allotted time. We modified the intervention components based on the feedback received. For example, we moved discussions about sex to come later in the foundational session to increase participant comfort. Conclusions Findings offer preliminary evidence of Floreciendo’s acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Theater testing is a valuable tool for intervention adaptation and FRAME is useful for tracking curriculum modifications over time. MOST researchers could consider theater testing while carrying out preparation-phase activities.

Cohesin catalyses the folding of the genome into loops that are anchored by CTCF 1 . The molecular mechanism of how cohesin and CTCF structure the 3D genome has remained unclear. Here we show that a segment within the CTCF N terminus interacts with the SA2–SCC1 subunits of human cohesin. We report a crystal structure of SA2–SCC1 in complex with CTCF at a resolution of 2.7 Å, which reveals the molecular basis of the interaction. We demonstrate that this interaction is specifically required for CTCF-anchored loops and contributes to the positioning of cohesin at CTCF binding sites. A similar motif is present in a number of established and newly identified cohesin ligands, including the cohesin release factor WAPL 2 , 3 . Our data suggest that CTCF enables the formation of chromatin loops by protecting cohesin against loop release. These results provide fundamental insights into the molecular mechanism that enables the dynamic regulation of chromatin folding by cohesin and CTCF. The crystal structure of the SA2–SCC1 subunits of human cohesin in complex with CTCF reveals the molecular basis of the cohesin–CTCF interaction that enables the dynamic regulation of chromatin folding.

Abstract Background Practical examples of studies integrating implementation science and the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework are lacking. Floreciendo is a sexual and reproductive health program for Latina teens and their female caregivers, adapted from the IMARA evidence-based program. Purpose We prepared for delivering Floreciendo by developing an implementation plan to support the program’s adoption and sustainment. Methods Drawing on a community-based participatory research approach, we used qualitative methods to explore program logistics, implementation determinants and strategies, adoption, and sustainability. We positioned our study activities within the preparation phases of both the MOST and the EPIS frameworks. We conducted and rapidly analyzed seven focus group discussions—one with Latina teens (n = 9), one with female caregivers (n = 6), four with organizational staff (n = 32), and one with IMARA staff (n = 6)—and seven key informant interviews. Results Participants described community organizations as the preferred location for workshops in offering a “safe space.” They recommended workshop delivery on two days over separate weekends. Teens and caregivers requested relatable, bilingual Latina facilitators. Implementation barriers were raised (e.g. work conflicts) with strategies to address them (e.g. provide stipends). Organizational adoption was perceived as likely since the workshop addresses clients’ needs and fits with organizational values. Recommendations for sustainment included identifying funding opportunities specific to each organization. Conclusions Findings directly informed our immediate plans to optimize Floreciendo using the MOST framework and principles and our long-term goals for adoption and sustainability. Implementation science can strengthen studies using the MOST framework. Implementation science can enhance research conducted using the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework. Lay Summary • Why was this study done? Floreciendo is a sexual and reproductive health program for Latina teens and their female caregivers. We researched how best to implement the program, including exploring what would support the program’s delivery, potential barriers we would face when delivering Floreciendo, and strategies we could use to help the program succeed. • What did we do? We worked as a team of community organizations, university researchers, Latina teens, female caregivers, and others experienced in sexual and Latina health. We integrated the phases of the EPIS framework (which supports implementation planning) with the MOST framework (which focuses on optimizing an intervention through decision-making based on real-world constraints). We rapidly analyzed seven focus groups and seven key-informant interviews. • What does this paper add? We provide a practical example of how researchers can develop an implementation plan while using the MOST framework. We learned about key considerations for implementing Floreciendo (e.g. where and when the program should take place, who should facilitate it, barriers we might face, and strategies to address them). We also gained perspectives on the program’s potential adoption within organizations and how we can support its continued delivery. We highlight the importance of partnerships between community stakeholders and researchers to achieve our goals. • What do the findings mean? Findings will play a key role in creating and implementing a program to support Latina teens over the long term. Our findings can also inform future studies that use the MOST framework. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract

Cohesin structures the genome through the formation of chromatin loops and by holding together the sister chromatids. The acetylation of cohesin’s SMC3 subunit is a dynamic process that involves the acetyltransferase ESCO1 and deacetylase HDAC8. Here we show that this cohesin acetylation cycle controls the three-dimensional genome in human cells. ESCO1 restricts the length of chromatin loops, and of architectural stripes emanating from CTCF sites. HDAC8 conversely promotes the extension of such loops and stripes. This role in controlling loop length turns out to be distinct from the canonical role of cohesin acetylation that protects against WAPL-mediated DNA release. We reveal that acetylation controls the interaction of cohesin with PDS5A to restrict chromatin loop length. Our data support a model in which this PDS5A-bound state acts as a brake that enables the pausing and restart of loop enlargement. The cohesin acetylation cycle hereby provides punctuation in the process of genome folding. Here, the authors use gene editing combined with Hi-C to show that cohesin acetylation restricts the length of chromatin loops through enhanced binding of cohesin to PDS5A.

Based on the help-seeking, college persistence and student engagement literature relevant to the Latino college student population, the present study tested two help-seeking and help-avoidance path models among Latino college students. The two path models were tested using a maximum likelihood estimation method available in LISREL 8.72 (Jöreskog & Sörbom, 2000). In the Help Avoidance Model, higher levels of ethnic identity were shown to contribute to the prediction of group discrimination stress while low mainstream identity contributed to greater levels of both personal and group discrimination stress, which in turn had a positive association with help-avoidance. Analysis of the mainstream identity construct provided information about the importance of sense of belonging to an American identity and why this may be critical to institutional engagement. Personal discrimination was shown to partially, however marginally, mediate the relationship between mainstream identity and help-avoidance. In the Academic Help Model, the importance of Service Quality, the presence of financial stress, extracurricular involvement, and lower GPA were all predictive of greater levels of Academic Help-seeking. GPA was positively predictive of College Years Enrolled; and Years Enrolled was a stronger predictor of Graduation than GPA. Areas of meaningful intervention to facilitate help-seeking and reduce barriers to help-seeking (such as perceived discrimination) are discussed, including recommendations for the institutional integration of culturally inclusive values, abilities and knowledge.

The use of herbicides for agricultural and aquatic weed control has increased worldwide. These substances are potentially toxic pollutants because they induce the production of reactive oxygen species for biological systems and exert oxidative stress in nontarget organisms living in the treated aquatic systems. Recent evidence suggests differences in the toxicity of glyphosate in the form of an active ingredient compared to the toxicity of glyphosate in combination with surfactants, such as those found in commercial formulations. In Mexico, one of the most widely used glyphosate-based herbicides is Yerbimat, which has agricultural as well as aquatic weed control applications. However, there are no aquatic toxicity data, particularly regarding native fish. Therefore, we determined the acute toxicity of commercial-formulation Yerbimat in a static bioassay at 96 h (LC 50 ). We also determined its toxicity at 96 h in sublethal concentrations to assess the lipid peroxidation levels (LPX), catalase activity, hepatic glycogen content, and histological damage in the liver and gills of the fish Goodea atripinnis associated with chronic exposure (75 days). The LC 50 was 38.95 ± 0.33 mg/L. The results of the short-term exposure study indicate that Yerbimat can potentially induce oxidative stress in G. atripinnis, because LPX was increased in the gills and liver. Catalase activity was reduced in the gills but increased in the liver, whereas hepatic glycogen was depleted. Chronic exposure was associated with histopathological damage in the gills and liver, some of which was irreversible. Yerbimat represents a potential risk for aquatic biota; therefore, we recommend that its application be carefully considered.

The mammalian cortex is comprised of cells classified into types according to shared properties. Defining the contribution of each cell type to the processes guided by the cortex is essential for understanding its function in health and disease. We used transcriptomic and epigenomic cortical cell type taxonomies from mouse and human to define marker genes and putative enhancers and created a large toolkit of transgenic lines and enhancer AAVs for selective targeting of cortical cell populations. We report evaluation of fifteen new transgenic driver lines, two new reporter lines, and >800 different enhancer AAVs covering most subclasses of cortical cells. The tools reported here as well as the scaled process of tool creation and modification enable diverse experimental strategies towards understanding mammalian cortex and brain function.