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"Sedikides, Constantine"
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State Authenticity
State authenticity is the sense that one is currently in alignment with one's true or real self. We discuss state authenticity as seen by independent raters, describe its phenomenology, outline its triggers, consider its well-being and behavioral implications, and sketch out a cross-disciplinary research agenda.
Journal Article
Narcissistic Force Meets Systemic Resistance
This article focuses on the interplay between narcissistic leaders and organizations. It attempts to capture the gist of this interplay with a model outlining the narcissistic organizational trajectory. The Energy Clash Model borrows and adapts a phase/state physics metaphor to conceptualize narcissism as a force that enters or emerges in a stable system (i.e., organization) as a leader, destabilizes it, and stabilizes it at a different state or is expelled. The model consists of three time-contingent phases: perturbation, conflict, and resolution. Narcissists create instability through waves of excitement, proposed reforms, and an inspiring vision for organization’s future (perturbation). With the passage of time, though, systemic awareness and alertness intensify, as organizational costs—in terms of human resources and monetary losses—accrue. Narcissistic energy clashes directly with the organization (conflict), a clash likely to restabilize the system eventually. The conflict may provoke the exit of the narcissistic leader or his or her accommodation, that is, steps or controls negotiated between the system and the leader (resolution). Although narcissism is subject to organizational liability, narcissistic energy, when managed and directed properly, may contribute to organizational innovation and evolution. Thus, several interventions for working with narcissistic leaders are discussed.
Journal Article
Holding on to the Goal or Letting It Go and Moving On? A Tripartite Model of Goal Striving
Recent findings challenge the widely held motto of “never give up” in goal striving. There are situations in which it is of strategic interest to abandon an important goal and allocate resources to an alternative goal. The ability to realize whether a goal is attainable or not (and therefore the ability to make the “right choice” between goal persistence and goal disengagement or reengagement) is influenced by at least two key motivational factors: motivation for goal striving and a self-regulatory technique called mental contrasting with implementation intentions. The interplay between these two factors is as yet unexplored but holds promise for several conceptual and practical advancements in understanding the pursuit of challenging life goals. To this end, we propose a tripartite model of goal striving that integrates goal motivation and goal regulation.
Journal Article
Self-Enhancement: Food for Thought
Self-enhancement denotes a class of psychological phenomena that involve taking a tendentiously positive view of oneself We distinguish between four levels of self-enhancement--an observed effect, an ongoing process, a personality trait, and an underlying motive--and then use these distinctions to organize the wealth of relevant research. Furthermore, to render these distinctions intuitive, we draw an extended analogy between selfenhancement and the phenomenon of eating. Among the topics we address are (a) manifestations of self-enhancement, both obvious and subtle, and rival interpretations; (b) experimentally documented dynamics of affirming and threatening the ego; and (c) primacy of self-enhancement, considered alongside other intrapsychic phenomena, and across different cultures. Self-enhancement, like eating, is a fundamental part of human nature.
Journal Article
Why Most Children Think Well of Themselves
This research aimed to examine whether and why children hold favorable self-conceptions (total N = 882 Dutch children, ages 8-12). Surveys (Studies 1-2) showed that children report strongly favorable self-conceptions. For example, when describing themselves on an open-ended measure, children mainly provided positive self-conceptions—about four times more than neutral self-conceptions, and about 11 times more than negative self-conceptions. Experiments (Studies 3-4) demonstrated that children report favorable self-conceptions, in part, to live up to social norms idealizing such self-conceptions, and to avoid seeing or presenting themselves negatively. These findings advance understanding of the developing self-concept and its valence: In middle and late childhood, children's self-conceptions are robustly favorable and influenced by both external (social norms) and internal (self-motives) forces.
Journal Article
Nostalgia increases punitiveness by intensifying moral concern
We addressed the relation between nostalgia and moral judgment or behavior. We hypothesized that nostalgia, a social emotion, increases moral concern (H1), nostalgia intensifies punitiveness against moral transgressors (H2), and that the nostalgia—punitiveness link is mediated by moral concern (H3). We conducted three cross-sectional (Studies 1, 2, 4) and one experimental (Study 3) investigations (
N
= 1145). The investigations, involving distinct operationalizations of the relevant constructs (nostalgia, moral concern, punitiveness) and diverse samples (U.S., Canadian, and European Prolific workers, French business school students, Dutch community members), yielded results consistent with the hypotheses. Nostalgia keeps one’s moral compass in check. The findings enrich the emotions and morality literatures.
Journal Article
Nostalgia enhances detection of death threat: neural and behavioral evidence
An experiment examined the potency of nostalgia—a sentimental longing for one’s past—to facilitate detection of death-related stimuli, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioral techniques (i.e., judgmental accuracy, reaction times). We hypothesized and found that, at the neural level, nostalgic (relative to control) participants evinced more intense activation in right amygdala in response to death-related (vs. neutral) words. We also hypothesized and found that, at the behavioral level, nostalgic (relative to control) participants manifested greater accuracy in judging whether two death-related (vs. neutral) words belonged in the same category. Exploratory analyses indicated that nostalgic (relative to control) participants did not show faster reaction times to death-related (vs. neutral) words. In all, nostalgia appeared to aid in death threat detection. We consider implications for the relevant literatures.
Journal Article
Decoding the Narcissistic Brain
•Less than 1 % of empirical articles on narcissism have addressed its neural basis.•We decoded various forms of narcissism from spontaneous neural oscillations.•Distinct neural oscillatory patterns for agentic versus communal narcissism.•Distinct neural oscillatory patterns for admirative versus rivalrous narcissism.•Vulnerable narcissism negatively related to fast and slow wave frequency bands.
There is a substantial knowledge gap in the narcissism literature: <1 % of the nearly 12,000 articles on narcissism have addressed its neural basis. To help fill this gap, we asked whether the multifacetedness of narcissism could be decoded from spontaneous neural oscillations. We attempted to do so by applying a machine learning approach (multivariate pattern analysis) to the resting-state EEG data of 162 participants who also completed a comprehensive battery of narcissism scales assessing agentic, admirative, rivalrous, communal, and vulnerable forms. Consistent with the agency-communion model of narcissism, agentic and communal forms of grandiose narcissism were reflected in distinct, non-overlapping patterns of spontaneous neural oscillations. Furthermore, consistent with a narcissistic admiration and rivalry concept model of narcissism, we observed largely non-overlapping patterns of spontaneous neural oscillations for admirative and rivalrous forms of narcissism. Vulnerable narcissism was negatively associated with power across fast and slow wave frequency bands. Taken together, the results suggest that the diverse forms of narcissism can be reliably predicted from spontaneous neural oscillations. The findings contribute to the burgeoning field of personality neuroscience.
Journal Article