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"Seet, Benjamin"
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Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10 : the chronicles of evolution
Humans now wield a greater influence on the planet than any other species in history, and human-developed technologies like genetic engineering and artificial intelligence stand poised to overtake biological evolution. Just how did we arrive at this unique moment in human history, 14 billion years after the birth of the universe? Sydney Brenner's 10-on-10: The Chronicles of Evolution brings together 24 prominent scientists and thinkers to trace the story of evolution through ten logarithmic scales of time. Through expert insights, this unique volume considers how humans found our place in the cosmos, and imagines what lies ahead. -- Back cover.
Book
Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries after the 2009 Western Sumatra Earthquake
Purpose.
To report injury patterns and management of musculoskeletal injuries after an earthquake.
Methods.
94 male and 161 female patients aged 17 to 90 (mean, 53) years underwent surgery for musculoskeletal injuries. Their injury patterns, anaesthesia administered, surgeries undertaken, and development of postoperative complications were reviewed.
Results.
Of the 255 patients, 155 sustained superficial lacerations with minor soft-tissue contusion, whereas 100 sustained injuries that necessitated surgery under anaesthesia. The injuries involved the tibia/ankle (n=90), the hand (n=48), the pelvis/femur (n=41), the radius/ulnar (n=36), the foot (n=20), the humerus (n=10), and the spine (n=10). 30 (12%) of the patients had multiple injuries. The most common procedure performed was debridement (n=58), followed by open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws for closed fractures (n=20), Kirschner wiring (n=11), external fixation (n=8), and general surgery and others (n=6). Repeated debridements were performed for 19 open fractures; 10 involved the distal tibia. 63 procedures were carried out under anaesthesia or sedation. General anaesthesia involved 2 patients; one had a right hemi-colectomy for an ischaemic bowel and another had an appendicectomy. Regional anaesthesia included sub-arachnoid block for lower-limb surgeries (n=21), axillary brachial plexus block for upper-limb surgeries (n=11), and femoral and sciatic nerve blocks for a lower-limb surgery (n=1). The remaining 28 procedures involved conscious sedation. The mean number of debridements for open fractures was 2.8 (range, 2–5). The mean follow-up duration was 10.4 (range, 7–14) days. Only one patient developed a postoperative wound infection.
Conclusion.
Our team was effective in managing orthopaedic injuries after an earthquake. The postoperative complication rate was low. Regional and spinal anaesthesia are relatively safe alternatives to general anaesthesia when carried out under such austere circumstances. The success of the mission depended on collaboration with the local health care workers and external agencies.
Journal Article
Treatment of exertional heat injuries with portable body cooling unit in a mass endurance event
The resultant dysfunction at cellular and organ level leads to a spectrum of diseases from minor heat cramps through heat exhaustion to life-threatening heatstroke [2]. In mass endurance events, runners with heat illnesses are typically treated with ice packs or cooled with ice water in the prehospital setting [3], before the more definitive methods of cooling by immersion in ice water [4] or body cooling units (BCUs) [5] in the hospitals.
Journal Article
Oseltamivir Ring Prophylaxis for Containment of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Outbreaks
Control of the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has been a difficult challenge. In this article, ring prophylaxis (geographically targeted containment by means of prophylaxis) with oseltamivir (75 mg per day for 10 days) was shown to substantially curtail four outbreaks involving 1175 personnel in the Singapore military. There were 75 cases before intervention and 7 after intervention. The overall reproductive number (the number of new cases attributable to the index case) was reduced from 1.91 before intervention to 0.11 after intervention.
Ring prophylaxis (geographically targeted containment by means of prophylaxis) with oseltamivir was shown to substantially curtail four outbreaks involving 1175 personnel in the Singapore military.
The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has spread rapidly worldwide, despite initial attempts at containment through screening, isolation, and quarantine.
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Many countries moved rapidly into the mitigation phase after the outbreak was detected, which affected essential services, especially in the health and education sectors. Mexico, the first country affected, shut down all major public services for a week to halt transmission of the virus. Other large outbreaks in population centers had a similar effect on essential services. Even though pandemic vaccines are available, the lack of availability during a pandemic results in incomplete global protection.
Mathematical models of . . .
Journal Article
Effectiveness of Public Health Measures in Mitigating Pandemic Influenza Spread: A Prospective Sero-Epidemiological Cohort Study
Background. Few studies have validated the effectiveness of public health interventions in reducing influenza spread in real-life settings. We aim to validate these measures used during the 2009 pandemic. Methods. From 22 June to 9 October 2009, we performed a prospective observational cohort study using paired serum samples and symptom review among 3 groups of Singapore military personnel. “Normal” units were subjected to prevailing pandemic response policies. “Essential” units and health care workers had additional public health interventions (eg, enhanced surveillance with isolation, segregation, personal protective equipment). Samples were tested by hemagglutination inhibition; the principal outcome was seroconversion to 2009 influenza A(H1N1). Results. In total, 1015 individuals in 14 units completed the study, with 29% overall seroconversion. Seroconversion among essential units (17%) and health care workers (11%) was significantly lower than that in normal units (44%) (P < .001). Symptomatic illness attributable to influenza was also lower in essential units (5%) and health care workers (2%) than in normal units (12%) (P=.06). Adjusted for confounders, unit type was the only significant variable influencing overall seroconversion (P < .05 ). From multivariate analysis within each unit, age (P < .001) and baseline antibody titer (P=.012) were inversely related to seroconversion risk. Conclusions. Public health measures are effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments.
Journal Article
Academic achievement, close up work parameters, and myopia in Singapore military conscripts
AIM To determine the relation of refractive error to environmental factors, including close up work, in Singapore military conscripts. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted on 429 Singapore military conscripts. Non-cycloplegic refraction and A-scan biometry were performed in both eyes. A detailed questionnaire was administered by in-person interview to obtain information about current and past near work activity, extra tuition lessons, educational experiences, and family demographics. RESULTS Myopia associated with the conscript having been educated in the (gifted, special, or express) educational streams (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.8, 95% confidence interval CI 2.0–7.3), and having completed pre-university education (OR=4.1, 95% CI 1.9–8.8). The reported close up work activity at age 7 years did correlate with age of onset of myopia (p<0.001). In parallel, supplemental tuition lessons in primary school has (OR=2.6, 95% CI 1.4–4.9) associated with conscript myopia. Parental myopia was positively associated with myopia (p<0.001), but this relation disappeared when adjusted for environmental factors. Current (p=0.83) and past close up work activity at age 7 years (p=0.13) did not correlate with myopia. CONCLUSION Educational level and educational stream positively related to myopia. A relation was observed with reported close up work activity in early childhood and with tuition classes during elementary school, but not with current close up work activity. These results underscore the strong influence of environment in myopia pathogenesis but a role for close up work activity remains indeterminate.
Journal Article
Shamans or scientists? Positivist pseudo-science and sense-able concepts in the discipline of international relations
“Positivism” is an approach to social inquiry that dominates the discipline of International Relations (IR). For positivists, this dominance is justified because positivism yields us scientific knowledge of world politics. In response, my thesis reconstructs positivism’s argument and argues that positivism fails to yield evidence at least, and scientific knowledge at most. Most fundamentally, positivism fails because our present-day concepts – such as “democracy” and the “GDP” – are too ambiguous. To remedy this, I draw a lesson from two theories in Physics and Mathematics: Primitive Recursive Arithmetic and Newtonian Kinematics. I outline their method of “Lego-languages” that we in IR can use to construct unambiguous concepts. I argue that the first step to using this method, is for IR scholars to describe their sensory experience of world politics through autoethnography, and possibly, filmmaking.
Dissertation
