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This book, by two of the most distinguished figures in fertility and reproduction research, answers all the most common questions about menopause and andropause, and hormone resupplement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women. It offers explanations of all aspects of this subject, presenting balanced and reliable information about benefits, risks, and prospects for this field. Segal invented Norplant, the first long-term implantable contraceptive, and as the leader of Reproductive Biology at the Population Council, he orchestrated and coordinated the research and trials leading to basically every new contraceptive introduced over a period of about 25 years. Mastroianni did more than anyone else to develop in vitro fertizilation as a viable treatment option, and was for many years the chairman of the largest department of obstetrics and gynecology, and the director of the most successful IVF clinic. This book is unique in including coverage of the climacteric in men.

This book, by two of the most distinguished figures in fertility and reproduction research, answers all the most common questions about menaupause and andropause, and hormone resupplement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women. It offers explanations of all aspects of this subject, presenting balanced and reliable information about benefits, risks, and prospects for this field. Segal invented Norplant, the first long-term implantable contraceptive, and as the leader of Reproductive Biology at the Population Council, he orchestrated and coordinated the research and trials leading to basically every new contraceptive introduced over a period of about 25 years. Mastroianni did more than anyone else to develop in vitro fertizilation as a viable treatment option, and was for many years the chairman of the largest department of obstetrics and gynecology, and the director of the most successful IVF clinic. This book is unique in including coverage of the climacteric in men.

In the evolution of eutherian mammals (species that gestate their young in utero), the stimulatory effect on the uterus of progesterone, a steroid hormone present in all vertebrates, was a critical adaptation. Half a century ago, the distinguished French endocrinologist Robert Courrier explained its importance succinctly: \"Progesterone is the hormone of the mother, it is indispensable for reproduction\" ( Biologie des Hormones Sexuelles Femelles , 1937). Simply stated, pregnancy cannot be established and maintained without the stimulatory effect of progesterone on endometrial growth and its inhibitory effect on myometrial contractility, because both actions of the hormone are required for the . . .

The effect of gossypol on Spisula sperm is observed using a real-time confocal microscope, Pol-Scope and a bright field video microscope. These microscopes allow detailed examination of the different aspects of sperm vitality, morphology and motility. Gossypol affects sperm through the swelling of the midpiece site of the mitochondria, increasing size of the head and cessation of flagellar motility. However, the molecular mechanism causing gossypol's creation of a disturbance in mitochondria is not yet clear.

This article discusses the sources of data for estimates of contraceptive use, including their reliability and validity. Data from sample surveys and from censuses are presented by countries from the 1960s to the present time. Tables on proportions of users by method of contraception for various time periods are included. The relationship between contraceptive use and level of fertility is also shown. Contraceptive use has increased rapidly in much of Asia and Latin America, but much less so in Arab countries and sub-Saharan Africa. Worldwide, about 400 million of the 800-850 million married couples of reproductive age practice contraception; of these, about 340 million use a modern method. Sterilization is the most widely practiced method of contraception in the world, with tubal ligations far outnumbering vasectomies.

The NORPLANT contraceptive implant system is longacting and highly effective. A single visit to the clinic for subdermal placement of implants can provide protection from pregnancy for five years or longer. Research and development began in 1966 at the Population Council's laboratories and was completed by the Council's International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR). The method is a product of international science; research groups in Asia, North and South America, the Caribbean basin, and Europe participated. The development of NORPLANT implants illustrates, also, successful cooperation between private industry and a publicly supported research organization in contraceptive research.