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"Segreto, E"
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Measurement of the absolute efficiency of the X-ARAPUCA photon detector for the DUNE Far Detector 1
The DUNE far detector has been designed to detect photons and electrons generated by the charged products of the interaction of neutrinos with a massive liquid argon (LAr) target. The photon detection system (PDS) of the first DUNE far detector (FD1) is composed of 6000 photon detection units, named
X-ARAPUCA
. The detection of the prompt light pulse generated by the particle energy release in LAr will complement and boost the DUNE LAr Time Projection Chamber. It will improve the non-beam events tagging and enable at low energies the trigger and the calorimetry of the supernova neutrinos. The X-ARAPUCA is an assembly of several components. Its photon detection efficiency (PDE) depends on the design of the assembly, on the grade of the individual components and on their coupling. The X-ARAPUCA PDE is one of the leading parameters for the PDS sensitivity, that in turn determines the sensitivity of the DUNE for the detection of core-collapse supernova within the galaxy and for nucleon decay searches. In this work we present the final assessment of the absolute PDE of the FD1 X-ARAPUCA baseline design, measured in two laboratories with independent methods and setups. Preliminary results were reported in Palomares (JINST 18(02):C02064,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/C02064
, 2023). One hundred sixty units of these X-ARAPUCA devices have been deployed in the NP04 facility at the CERN Neutrino Platform, the 1:20 scale FD1 prototype, and will be operated during the year 2024. The assessed value of the PDE is a key parameter both in the NP04 and in the DUNE analysis and reconstruction studies.
Journal Article
Optimization of the X-Arapuca photon collection efficiency for the DUNE horizontal drift far detector
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Far Detector (FD) Photon Detection System (PDS) employs the X-Arapuca concept, a photon trapping system relying on reflective surfaces and dichroic filters. In this paper are reported measurements, performed at the University of Milano-Bicocca, aimed at increasing the FD Horizontal Drift (HD) PDS module efficiency. The baseline implementation of the X-Arapuca concept for the FD-HD PDS module is close to the DUNE requirements as demonstrated in the collaborations laboratory testing. However, an increased performance would provide a safety margin for a detector planned to be operated for 30 years, without possibility of performing maintenance. A higher detector performance would also benefit the DUNE low energy physics program. The already proven Milano-Bicocca setup has been utilized to test different PDS module configurations comparing them to the original baseline. Exploiting prior knowledge of the X-Arapuca components and Geant4 based optical simulations it has been possible to achieve up to an
∼
84% performance increase over the baseline design. In the following it is presented the testing procedure, the performed measurements and a brief discussion on the obtained results.
Journal Article
Experimental search for the LSND anomaly with the ICARUS LAr-TPC detector in the CNGS beam
We report an early result from ICARUS (CNGS2), the large mass LAr-TPC, a Gargamelle class imaging detector of novel design. A search of a vμ → νe signal due to a LSND anomaly at the Gran Sasso Laboratory, located at a distance of L 730 km from CERN is hereby presented. Such an anomaly, in which an electron is produced by neutrinos in the energy interval 0 ≤ Ev ≤ 30 GeV, will be characterized by a fast energy oscillation averaging closely to sin2(1.27Δm2newL/Ev) ≃ 1/2 and therefore approximately with probability . The presence of such a signal will be compared with the small but significant backgrounds due to other and more conventional neutrino origins. Within the range of our observations, our result is compatible with the absence of a LSND anomaly. At 90% and 99% confidence levels the limits on the oscillation probabilities are and respectively. The present result strongly limits the window of opened options for the LSND anomaly, reducing the remaining effect to a narrow region centered around (Δm2, sin2(2θ)) (0.5 eV2,0.05) where there is an over-all agreement (at 90 % CL) between the present ICARUS limit, the published limits of KARMEN and the published positive signals of LSND and MiniBooNE collaborations.
Journal Article
Numerical characterization of the ARAPUCA: a new approach for LAr scintillation light detection
The ARAPUCA concept has been proposed as a simple and neat solution for increasing the effective collection area of SiPMs through the shifting and trapping of scintillation light in noble liquids, thus with great potential for improving timing and calorimetry resolution in neutrino and dark matter search experiments using time projection chambers. It is expected to achieve a single photon detection efficiency larger than 1%. The initial design consists of a box made of highly reflective internal surface material and with an acceptance window for photons composed of two shifters and a dichroic filter. The first shifter converts liquid argon scintillation VUV light to a photon of wavelength smaller than the dichroic cutoff, so the surface is highly transparent to it. When passing through the dichroic filter, it reaches the second shifter which allows the photon to be shifted to the visible region and be detected by the SiPM nested inside it. When it enters the box, the photon will likely reflect a few times, including on the dichroic filter surface, before being detected. We present a full numerical description of the device using a Monte Carlo framework, including characterization of the acceptance window, models of reflection of different materials, and sensor quantum efficiency, that can now be used to further improve the detection efficiency by comparing different geometries, positions of SiPM and materials. Estimates of simulated efficiencies, number of reflections and acquisition time are presented and compared to analytical calculations. Those are very promising results, giving a total efficiency for the detection of scintillation light in liquid argon of 1.7±0.3%. Comparison of the estimated total efficiency with a preliminary result from an experimental test with an ARAPUCA prototype made in Brazil is also presented.
Journal Article
DNA cleavage by endonuclease I-DmoI: a QM/MM study and comparison with experimental data provide indications on the environmental effects
Here, we present the theoretical–computational modelling of the free energy barrier of the phosphodiester bond cleavage as occurring in the mesophilic variant of endonuclease I-DmoI bound to DNA. Our data, obtained by means of hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach, indicate that the influence of the environment, exerted by the enzyme, the solvent and the DNA, shifts the mechanism towards a more dissociative reaction pathway, compared to the unperturbed reaction. The perturbation of the environment results in an earlier transition state of hydrolysis, i.e. more similar to reagents. By such an approach, we estimate that the enzyme lowers the phosphorus–oxygen bond break free energy barrier of about 7.9 kcal/mol compared to the gas phase, which turns out to be consistent with experimental data. Such an approach points out the importance of an extended and accurate treatment of the environmental effects in the modelling of chemical reactions and confirms the reliability of our procedure in the modelling of important biochemical processes at a limited computational cost.
Journal Article
ARAPUCA light trap for large liquid argon time projection chambers
ARAPUCA is a totally innovative device for liquid argon scintillation light detection. It is composed of a passive light collector and of active devices. The active devices are standard SiPMs that operate at liquid argon temperature, while the passive collector is a photon trap that allows the collection of light with extremely high efficiency. The total detection efficiency of the device can be tuned by modifying the ratio between the area of the active components (SiPM) and that of the optical window. Few arrays of ARAPUCAs will be installed inside the prototype of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment - protoDUNE - and their performances will be compared with those of more standard solutions based on guiding bars. The results of the most recent tests of ARAPUCAs in a liquid argon environment, which led to the actual design for the protoDUNE, will be reported together with the proposal of a photon detection system for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment based on ARAPUCAs combined with dielectric mirror foils coated by wavelength-shifter.
Journal Article
Precise 3D Track Reconstruction Algorithm for the ICARUS T600 Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber Detector
Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) detectors offer charged particle imaging capability with remarkable spatial resolution. Precise event reconstruction procedures are critical in order to fully exploit the potential of this technology. In this paper we present a new, general approach to 3D reconstruction for the LAr TPC with a practical application to the track reconstruction. The efficiency of the method is evaluated on a sample of simulated tracks. We present also the application of the method to the analysis of stopping particle tracks collected during the ICARUS T600 detector operation with the CNGS neutrino beam.
Journal Article
The WArP experiment
Cryogenic noble liquid detectors are presently considered one of the best options for WIMP Dark Matter searches, especially when extensions to multi ton scale sensitive masses are foreseen. The WArP experiment is the first one that exploits the unique characteristics of liquid Argon to make a highly sensitive search for WIMP Dark Matter candidates. In 2008, a double phase detector has been assembled in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory with 140 kg sensitive mass and a discovery potential in the range of 5 × 10-45 cm2 in the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross-section. In addition to standard neutrons and gamma-rays passive shields, WArP implements an 8 ton liquid Argon active shield with 4p coverage. The detector was commissioned and put into operation during the first half of 2009 for a first technical run. Detector design, construction and assembly are described, together with the very first results of this technical run.
Journal Article