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In India, despite improvements in access to health care, inequalities are related to socioeconomic status, geography, and gender, and are compounded by high out-of-pocket expenditures, with more than three-quarters of the increasing financial burden of health care being met by households. Health-care expenditures exacerbate poverty, with about 39 million additional people falling into poverty every year as a result of such expenditures. We identify key challenges for the achievement of equity in service provision, and equity in financing and financial risk protection in India. These challenges include an imbalance in resource allocation, inadequate physical access to high-quality health services and human resources for health, high out-of-pocket health expenditures, inflation in health spending, and behavioural factors that affect the demand for appropriate health care. Use of equity metrics in monitoring, assessment, and strategic planning; investment in development of a rigorous knowledge base of health-systems research; development of a refined equity-focused process of deliberative decision making in health reform; and redefinition of the specific responsibilities and accountabilities of key actors are needed to try to achieve equity in health care in India. The implementation of these principles with strengthened public health and primary-care services will help to ensure a more equitable health care for India's population.

In India, despite improvements in access to health care, inequalities are related to socioeconomic status, geography, and gender, and are compounded by high out-of-pocket expenditures, with more than three-quarters of the increasing financial burden of health care being met by households. Health-care expenditures exacerbate poverty, with about 39 million additional people falling into poverty every year as a result of such expenditures. We identify key challenges for the achievement of equity in service provision, and equity in financing and financial risk protection in India. These challenges include an imbalance in resource allocation, inadequate physical access to high-quality health services and human resources for health, high out-of-pocket health expenditures, inflation in health spending, and behavioural factors that affect the demand for appropriate health care. Use of equity metrics in monitoring, assessment, and strategic planning; investment in development of a rigorous knowledge base of health-systems research; development of a refined equity-focused process of deliberative decision making in health reform; and redefinition of the specific responsibilities and accountabilities of key actors are needed to try to achieve equity in health care in India. The implementation of these principles with strengthened public health and primary-care services will help to ensure a more equitable health care for India's population. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remediate negative biases in emotional processing in depressed patients in both behavioural and neural outcome measures. However, it is not clear if these effects occur before, or as a consequence of, changes in clinical state. In the present study, we investigated the effects of short-term SSRI treatment in depressed patients on the neural response to fearful faces prior to clinical improvement in mood. Altogether, 42 unmedicated depressed patients received SSRI treatment (10 mg escitalopram daily) or placebo in a randomised, parallel-group design. The neural response to fearful and happy faces was measured on day 7 of treatment using functional magnetic resonance imaging. A group of healthy controls was imaged in the same way. Amygdala responses to fearful facial expressions were significantly greater in depressed patients compared to healthy controls. However, this response was normalised in patients receiving 7 days treatment with escitalopram. There was no significant difference in clinical depression ratings at 7 days between the escitalopram and placebo-treated patients. Our results suggest that short-term SSRI treatment in depressed patients remediates amygdala hyperactivity in response to negative emotional stimuli prior to clinical improvement in depressed mood. This supports the hypothesis that the clinical effects of antidepressant treatment may be mediated in part through early changes in emotional processing. Further studies will be needed to show if these early effects of antidepressant medication predict eventual clinical outcome.

The abscission process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the abscission zone (AZ) and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the molecular and biochemical basis of the increased AZ sensitivity to ethylene. We examined transcriptome changes in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Shiran 1335') flower AZ during the rapid acquisition of ethylene sensitivity following flower removal, which depletes the AZ from auxin, with or without preexposure to 1-methylcyclopropene or application of indole-3-acetic acid after flower removal. Microarray analysis using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip revealed changes in expression, occurring prior to and during pedicel abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. They included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors, other transcription factors and regulatory genes that are transiently induced early, 2 h after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. All gene expressions initiated by flower removal and leading to pedicel abscission were inhibited by indole-3-acetic acid application, while 1-methylcyclopropene pretreatment inhibited only the ethylene-induced expressions, including those induced by wound-associated ethylene signals. These results confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes resulting from auxin depletion. Our results shed light on the regulatory control of abscission at the molecular level and further expand our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the initial controlling stages of the process.

Finding robust brain substrates of mood disorders is an important target for research. The degree to which major depression (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with common and/or distinct patterns of volumetric changes is nevertheless unclear. Furthermore, the extant literature is heterogeneous with respect to the nature of these changes. We report a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies in MDD and BD. We identified studies published up to January 2015 that compared grey matter in MDD (50 data sets including 4101 individuals) and BD (36 data sets including 2407 individuals) using whole-brain VBM. We used statistical maps from the studies included where available and reported peak coordinates otherwise. Group comparisons and conjunction analyses identified regions in which the disorders showed common and distinct patterns of volumetric alteration. Both disorders were associated with lower grey-matter volume relative to healthy individuals in a number of areas. Conjunction analysis showed smaller volumes in both disorders in clusters in the dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate cortex and bilateral insula. Group comparisons indicated that findings of smaller grey-matter volumes relative to controls in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left hippocampus, along with cerebellar, temporal and parietal regions were more substantial in major depression. These results suggest that MDD and BD are characterised by both common and distinct patterns of grey-matter volume changes. This combination of differences and similarities has the potential to inform the development of diagnostic biomarkers for these conditions.

Electrochemical supercapacitors are effectively involved and have potential attention in recent years due to the greatest advancements in energy storage system. In that, the electrode materials play a crucial role in achieving better electrochemical concert. In this work, three-dimensional NiO nanostructures were proposed as the high-capacity positive electrode for hybrid supercapacitors. In addition, the 3D-NiO electrode achieved a capacitance of 1100 F g −1 (605 C g −1 ) alone with 95.5% super stability retention. Similarly, a carbon-doped g-C 3 N 4 nanosheet electrode involved as a negative electrode, which delivers a stability retention of 89.9%. Further, a hybrid supercapacitor device was made up of NiO as a positive, carbon-doped g-C 3 N 4 as a negative material in an aqueous system, which shows the remarkable energy and power densities of 31.7 Wh kg −1 and 3625 W kg −1 . The device delivers an admirable electrochemical performance that provides a huge active surface during the ion transportation process. These tolerable electrochemical results of this gathered hybrid supercapacitor device will be promoted as a various electronic tool in future generation. Graphical abstract

N-butyl-4-nitroaniline (NB4N), an organic chromophore crystal, was synthesized by a slow solvent evaporation method. Single - crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to determine the cell parameter values. A UV–Vis-NIR spectral analysis was performed to investigate the band gap energy and optical quality. The direct optical band gap was found to be 4.83 eV and the lower cut-off wavelength is shown to be as low as 235 nm. Vibration frequencies were analyzed using FTIR spectral analysis. The Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) was confirmed via the Kurtz-Perry powder technique. The N-butyl-4-nitroaniline crystal was theoretically acquired using various computational tools to analyse its geometry (B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) and electronic properties. The quantum chemical calculations, such as HOMO-LUMO and molecular electrostatic potential, were calculated and presented for NB4N. The donor and acceptor’s interaction and stabilisation energy were analysed by Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses. Quantum chemical evaluations of NLO activity have been computed and reported. The thermodynamic characteristics and hyperpolarizability of N-butyl-4-nitroaniline have been described.

Conical tanks (CTs) play a vital role in the process industry as they can prevent residues in the tank. On the other hand, liquid level controlling in a CT is a complicated process due to the non-linear cross-sectional area. The complexity in CTs is also increased by the limitation to manipulated variables, interactions in measurements, and frequent disturbances. The control of liquid levels in CTs is of great importance in the process industry. In this paper, the model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with the modified proportional integral derivative (MPID) controller is proposed to maintain the liquid level at the set points. Two proportional integral derivative (PID) controller blocks are used in the proposed MRAC. The controller parameters are tuned using flamingo search optimization algorithm (FSA) based on minimum mean square error ( ). The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink platform and the results are considered with respect to different set points and disturbance conditions. Also, the results are compared with the existing controllers such as proportional integral (PI), PID, fractional-order proportional integral (FOPI) and MRAC-PID. The results show that the proposed MRAC provides lower integral square error (ISE) and integral absolute error (IAE) values of 38.25 and 2167, respectively.

Micro-cutting operations are crucial in the production of miniaturized products and devices. Among the different micro-cutting processes, micro drilling plays a vital role. Nimonic C-263 superalloy is employed in many applications for its exceptional resistance to thermal fatigue and creep, but the alloy also has machining challenges. So, in this study, finite element simulation was employed to investigate the micro drilling of Nimonic C-263 alloy. The Johnson–Cook material model was considered in the study. Simulations were performed based on the design of experiments for predicting the thrust force and validated with micro drilling experiments. A maximum of 7.69% error was observed between the experiments and simulation, indicating the ability of the finite element model to predict the experimental thrust force. Regarding size effects, a comparative study and insights were reported between the micro drilling and macro drilling of Nimonic alloy. The outcomes of the study can be used to select suitable micro drilling parameter values.

Horizontal axis wind turbines suffer from aerodynamic inefficiencies in the blade root region (near the hub) due to several non-aerodynamic constraints. Aerodynamic interactions between turbines in a wind farm also lead to significant loss of wind farm efficiency. A new dual-rotor wind turbine (DRWT) concept is proposed that aims at mitigating these two losses. A DRWT is designed that uses an existing turbine rotor for the main rotor, while the secondary rotor is designed using a high lift-to-drag ratio airfoil. Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stokes computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to optimize the design. Large eddy simulations confirm the increase energy capture potential of the DRWT. Wake comparisons however do not show enhanced entrainment of axial momentum.