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Phase synchrony analysis is a relatively new concept that is being increasingly used on neurophysiological data obtained through different methodologies. It is currently believed that phase synchrony is an important signature of information binding between distant sites of the brain, especially during cognitive tasks. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are the most widely used recording technique for recording brain signals and assessing phase synchrony patterns. In this study, we address the suitability of phase synchrony analysis in EEG recordings. Using geometrical arguments and numerical examples, employing EEG and magnetoencephalographic data, we show that the presence of a common reference signal in the case of EEG recordings results in a distortion of the synchrony values observed, in that the amplitudes of the signals influence the synchrony measured, and in general destroys the intended physical interpretation of phase synchrony.

The violation of Baryon Number, \\(\\mathcal{B}\\), is an essential ingredient for the preferential creation of matter over antimatter needed to account for the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe. However, such a process has yet to be experimentally observed. The HIBEAM/NNBAR %experiment program is a proposed two-stage experiment at the European Spallation Source (ESS) to search for baryon number violation. The program will include high-sensitivity searches for processes that violate baryon number by one or two units: free neutron-antineutron oscillation (\\(n\\rightarrow \\bar{n}\\)) via mixing, neutron-antineutron oscillation via regeneration from a sterile neutron state (\\(n\\rightarrow [n',\\bar{n}'] \\rightarrow \\bar{n}\\)), and neutron disappearance (\\(n\\rightarrow n'\\)); the effective \\(\\Delta \\mathcal{B}=0\\) process of neutron regeneration (\\(n\\rightarrow [n',\\bar{n}'] \\rightarrow n\\)) is also possible. The program can be used to discover and characterise mixing in the neutron, antineutron, and sterile neutron sectors. The experiment addresses topical open questions such as the origins of baryogenesis, the nature of dark matter, and is sensitive to scales of new physics substantially in excess of those available at colliders. A goal of the program is to open a discovery window to neutron conversion probabilities (sensitivities) by up to three orders of magnitude compared with previous searches. The opportunity to make such a leap in sensitivity tests should not be squandered. The experiment pulls together a diverse international team of physicists from the particle (collider and low energy) and nuclear physics communities, while also including specialists in neutronics and magnetics.

Spontaneous breaking of parity or time reversal invariance offers a solution to the strong CP problem, the stability of which under quantum gravitational effects provides an upper limit on the scale of symmetry breaking. Even more important, these Planck scale effects may provide a simple and natural way out of the resulting domain wall problem. (Invited talk at the 4th Hellenic School on Elementary Particle Physics, Corfu, Greece, September 1992.

We investigate the possibility of low-scale leptogenesis in the minimal supersymmetric standard model extended with right handed (s)neutrinos. We demonstrate that successful leptogenesis can be easily achieved at a scale as low as ~ TeV where lepton number and CP violation comes from soft supersymmetry breaking terms. The scenario is shown to be compatible with neutrino masses data.

We construct the minimal supersymmetric left-right theory and show that at the renormalizable level it requires the existence of an intermediate \\(B-L\\) breaking scale. The subsequent symmetry breaking down to MSSM automatically preserves R-symmetry. Furthermore, unlike in the nonsupersymmetric version of the theory, the see-saw mechanism takes its canonical form. The theory predicts the existence of a triplet of Higgs scalars much lighter than the \\(B-L\\) breaking scale.

The Large Hadron Collider presents an unprecedented opportunity to probe the realm of new physics in the TeV region and shed light on some of the core unresolved issues of particle physics. These include the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking, the origin of mass, the possible constituent of cold dark matter, new sources of CP violation needed to explain the baryon excess in the universe, the possible existence of extra gauge groups and extra matter, and importantly the path Nature chooses to resolve the hierarchy problem - is it supersymmetry or extra dimensions. Many models of new physics beyond the standard model contain a hidden sector which can be probed at the LHC. Additionally, the LHC will be a top factory and accurate measurements of the properties of the top and its rare decays will provide a window to new physics. Further, the LHC could shed light on the origin of neutralino masses if the new physics associated with their generation lies in the TeV region. Finally, the LHC is also a laboratory to test the hypothesis of TeV scale strings and D-brane models. An overview of these possibilities is presented in the spirit that it will serve as a companion to the Technical Design Reports (TDRs) by the particle detector groups ATLAS and CMS to facilitate the test of the new theoretical ideas at the LHC. Which of these ideas stands the test of the LHC data will govern the course of particle physics in the subsequent decades.

This chapter of the report of the ``Flavour in the era of the LHC'' Workshop discusses the theoretical, phenomenological and experimental issues related to flavour phenomena in the charged lepton sector and in flavour-conserving CP-violating processes. We review the current experimental limits and the main theoretical models for the flavour structure of fundamental particles. We analyze the phenomenological consequences of the available data, setting constraints on explicit models beyond the Standard Model, presenting benchmarks for the discovery potential of forthcoming measurements both at the LHC and at low energy, and exploring options for possible future experiments.

We analyse the impact of quantum gravity on the possible solutions to the strong CP problem which utilize the spontaneously broken discrete symmetries, such as parity and time reversal invariance. We find that the stability of the solution under Planck scale effects provides an upper limit on the scale \\(\\Lambda\\) of relevant symmetry breaking. This result is model dependent and the bound is most restrictive for the seesaw type models of fermion masses, with \\(\\Lambda < 10^6\\) GeV.

The hypothesis that non-perturbative gravitational effects lead to explicit breaking of global symmetries is considered in the context of Majoron models. We find that the nonvanishing Majoron mass generated by these effects can overclose the universe unless the massive Majoron is unstable. The cosmological mass density constraints can then be satisfied only if \\(V_{BL} < 10\\) TeV, where \\(V_{BL}\\) is the scale of \\(B-L\\) symmetry breaking.

With the advent of neutrino masses, it has become more and more acknowledged that SO(10) is a more suitable theory than SU(5): it leads naturally to small neutrino masses via the see-saw mechanism, it has a simpler and more predictive Yukawa sector. There is however a rather strong disagreement on what the minimal consistent SO(10) theory is, i.e. what the Higgs sector is. The issue is particularly sensitive in the context of low-energy supersymmetry.