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Crypto assets have lately become the chief interest of investors around the world. The excitement around, along with the promise of the nascent technology led to enormous speculation by impulsive investors. Despite a shaky understanding of the backbone technology, the price mechanism, and the business model, investors’ risk appetites pushed crypto market values to record highs. In addition, pricings are largely based on the perception of the market, making crypto assets naturally embedded with extreme volatility. Perhaps unsurprisingly, the new asset class has become an integral part of the investor’s portfolio, which traditionally consists of stock, commodities, forex, or any type of derivative. Therefore, it is critical to unearth possible connections between crypto currencies and traditional asset classes, scrutinizing correlational upheavals. Numerous research studies have focused on connectedness issues among the stock market, commodities, or other traditional asset classes. Scant attention has been paid, however, to similar issues when cryptos join the mix. We fill this void by studying the connectedness of the two biggest crypto assets to the stock market, both in terms of returns and volatility, through the Diebold Francis spillover model. In addition, through a novel bidirectional algorithm that is gaining currency in statistical inference, we locate times around which the nature of such connectedness alters. Subsequently, using Hausdorff-type metrics on such estimated changes, we cluster spillover patterns to describe changes in the dependencies between which two assets are evidenced to correlate with those between which other two. Creating an induced network from the cluster, we highlight which specific dependencies function as crucial hubs, how the impacts of drastic changes such as COVID-19 ripple through the networks—the Rings of Fire—of spillover dependencies.

The conventional paradigm in speech translation starts with a speech recognition step to generate transcripts, followed by a translation step with the automatic transcripts as input. To address various shortcomings of this paradigm, recent work explores end-to-end trainable direct models that translate without transcribing. However, transcripts can be an indispensable output in practical applications, which often display transcripts alongside the translations to users. We make this common requirement explicit and explore the task of jointly transcribing and translating speech. Although high accuracy of transcript and translation are crucial, even highly accurate systems can suffer from inconsistencies between both outputs that degrade the user experience. We introduce a methodology to evaluate consistency and compare several modeling approaches, including the traditional cascaded approach and end-to-end models. We find that direct models are poorly suited to the joint transcription/translation task, but that end-to-end models that feature a coupled inference procedure are able to achieve strong consistency. We further introduce simple techniques for directly optimizing for consistency, and analyze the resulting trade-offs between consistency, transcription accuracy, and translation accuracy.

The existence of inflorescence is an important aspect of Nepenthes conservation. However, it’s usually abandoned because they are rarely found in nature. This research aimed to compare the morphological characters of the Bornean lowland Nepenthes inflorescences based on species and sexes. It was conducted in the post-mining area of Sintang Regency, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, from October 2022 to February 2023. Inflorescence samples were collected from males and females of N. ampullaria , N. bicalcarata , N. gracillis , N. mirabilis , N. rafflesiana var. typica. Inflorescence morphometry characters consist of inflorescence length, peduncle length, rachilla length, flower length, tepal length, tepal width, and number of pistillate/staminate per inflorescence. The results showed that morphological characters of Bornean lowland Nepenthes inflorescence differ between species and sexes. N. ampullaria is characterised by having the highest number of flowers of any Nepenthes species. In contrast, N. bicalcarata is characterised by inflorescence length and peduncle length. Males and females have different morphological characteristics. Males have significantly longer and wider tepals and more flowers per inflorescence than females of Bornean lowland Nepenthes .

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) characterizes a green economy as one that enhances human well-being and social fairness while simultaneously mitigating environmental threats and ecological scarcities. This study analyzes the effects of green economy implementation on social cost management and the enhancement of community well-being in emerging nations. The study was carried out in developing nations that have adopted a green economy since 2015, following to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. The research findings indicate that the adoption of a green economy in emerging nations is essential for managing social costs and enhancing societal welfare. Promoting investment in the renewable energy sector, enhancing renewable energy consumption, decreasing CO2 emissions, improving access to clean energy, and generating employment in the green job sector are essential for managing social costs and advancing societal welfare. The sustainable optimization of the green economy is expected to be able to control social costs without neglecting the welfare of people in developing countries.

This paper is focusing on the geo-disasters induced by the 2018 Hokkaido Iburi-tobu earthquake in Japan and the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake in Indonesia. The Hokkaido Iburi-tobu earthquake occurred at east of Iburi region in Hokkaido, Japan on September 6th, 2018. Tremendous number of landslides occurred in the mountain areas at Iburi region. Uplift and sinking of road and inclination of houses were caused by liquefaction in the south eastern part of Sapporo city. The Sulawesi earthquake happened at Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia on September 28th 2018. The ground displacement triggered by the fault movement caused damage to roads and houses. The large scale ground flows induced by liquefaction occurred in some different sites. This paper reviews the damage induced by the geo-disasters and considers the lessoned learnt from the damaging earthquakes happened in 2018.

The authors conducted a field survey in the affected area of the 2018 Sulawesi Earthquake, mainly focusing on the damage occurred to the Teluk Palu Bridge in Palu City. It was found that the area around the bridge received approximately 200 gal acceleration and 3 to 6 m tsunami height. From the traces of the tsunami, we estimated that the tsunami reached up to the girder but not up to the arch rib of the bridge. The arch ribs sustained buckling and displaced 2 to 5 m into the water. The main cause of bridge collapse was the earthquake force as local eyewitnesses said the bridge collapsed immediately after the earthquake and before the arrival of the tsunami. In terms of earthquake-resistant design, the following three problems were identified regarding this arch bridge: resisting capacity of the arch rib, resisting capacity of the bearing system, and design concept about the seating length at the pier.

Background On September 28th, 2018, at 18:02 local time (10:02 UTC), a strong earthquake of magnitude Mw  = 7.5 struck Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The epicenter was located at 0.256 o south latitude and 119.846 o east longitude, around 77 km from Palu city, and 20 km below the ground surface. To understand the damage caused by the earthquake, and find a solution to mitigate the geo-disasters in Indonesia, a preliminary investigation on the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake was conducted from 16 to 20 November 2018. This quick report focuses on ground displacements induced by fault movement and large-scale ground flow. Results During the survey, there is some geotechnical damage were found, such as ground displacement induced by fault movement, liquefaction, landslides, and large-scale ground flow in some certain areas. Large ground displacement was found in some particular areas, such as Kedondong, Pipa Air, Pangeran Diponegoro and Cemara streets in Palu city. The earthquake also triggered large-scale ground flow in some different sites, such as Balaroa and Petobo districts in Palu city and Jono Oge and Sibalaya Villages. Conclusions The locations of large ground displacements appeared at surface coincide well with the estimated fault line. Therefore the large ground displacements were seems to be induced by the fault movement. Large ground flow caused severe damage to not only human but also houses and buildings. The mechanism of the large ground flow should be clarified in near future.

Background Earthquakes in liquefaction-prone areas are frequently followed by the settlement of surface structures due to subsoil liquefaction. This paper aims to study the influence of geosynthetics along with gravel usage to reduce the vertical soil displacement caused by liquefaction using a shake table equipment. This influence is analyzed by means of measuring soil acceleration, pore water pressures and vertical soil deformation due to the shaking process. Results Results of a series of 1-g shaking table tests which have been conducted in different initial relative densities which are 50% (loose sand conditions) and 90% (dense sand conditions) to evaluate the performance of proposed mitigation against settlement problem are presented. It is found that ground settlement reduced around 11.4 mm for loose sand conditions, from 20.9 mm in the case with no countermeasure (Case 1) to 9.5 mm in the Case reinforced with gravel and geosynthetics Type II (Case 4). Correspondingly, for dense sand states, the settlement decreased by about 1.8 mm, from 5.6 mm in the Case 1 to 3.8 mm in Case 4. Moreover, a differential settlement between loose sand and dense sand conditions decreased as well, around 9.6 mm, from 15.3 mm in the Case 1 to 5.7 mm in Case 4. Conclusions By conducted a series of shake table tests, it is confirmed that the vertical ground displacement decreased by the use of geosynthetics and gravel up to 54% and 32% for loose sand and dense sand states, respectively. Furthermore, test results also show that there is a decrease in the differential settlement between loose sand and dense sand conditions, around 62%.

Background In April 2016, Kumamoto City, Japan, and its surroundings were hit by a sequence of strong and devastating earthquakes including two significant events, one on April 14 th , 2016, at 21:26 JST (Mw6.2) and the other on April 16 th , 2016, at 01:25 JST (Mw7.0). These disasters caused 120 fatalities (including indirect fatalities), 2337 people injured and 177,914 residential houses were damaged. This paper aims to ascertain the damage to residential houses and buildings caused by liquefaction during this earthquake and suggests possible mitigation methods. Results Field reconnaissance was conducted in the target area on May 27 th –30 th , 2016. The post-earthquake inclination angle and the tilt direction of 68 affected houses and buildings in the liquefied sites in Kumamoto City were measured by using a laser rangefinder (Leica DISTO D 510). Ground structure and condition were also determined from topographic maps, bore data and the calculated liquefaction resistance factor, F L . Conclusions Based on this investigation, the inclination angle of the houses in the target area seems to be related to the type of building structure and their foundation as well to the local ground composition. The tilt direction has a tendency to be associated with the location of the nearby river. The results presented could be useful to develop future liquefaction mitigation measures for detached residential houses.

Energy subsidy has boosted energy consumption and energy consumption has triggered high emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), which might reduce environmental quality. This problem occurs around the world, especially in the developing countries undergoing a period of industrialization, such as Indonesia. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of energy subsidy, energy consumption, and population growth on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. The method used was multiple linear regression analysis with ordinary least square approach using time series data within the period of 1990-2014. The results showed that energy subsidy, fossil energy consumption, and population growth have a positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the consumption of renewable energy has a negative effect on the emissions of carbon dioxide emissions produced.