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Low availability of Fe significantly limits crop yields in many parts of the world. However, it is largely unknown which genes and alleles adjust plant growth in Fe limited environments. Using natural variation of a geographically restricted panel of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, we identify allelic variation at the FRO2 locus associated with root length under iron deficiency. We show that non-coding sequence variation at the FRO2 locus leads to variation of FRO2 transcript levels, as well as ferric chelate reductase activity, and is causal for a portion of the observed root length variation. These FRO2 allele dependent differences are coupled with altered seedling phenotypes grown on iron-limited soil. Overall, we show that these natural genetic variants of FRO2 tune its expression. These variants might be useful for improvement of agronomically relevant species under specific environmental conditions, such as in podzols or calcareous soils. Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants and a lack of iron availability limits crop yield in many parts of the world. Here the authors show that natural variation in root growth of Arabidopsis plants under iron deficiency can be caused by allelic variation at the FRO2 locus.

By following the evolution of populations that are initially genetically homogeneous, much can be learned about core biological principles. For example, it allows for detailed studies of the rate of emergence of de novo mutations and their change in frequency due to drift and selection. Unfortunately, in multicellular organisms with generation times of months or years, it is difficult to set up and carry out such experiments over many generations. An alternative is provided by \"natural evolution experiments\" that started from colonizations or invasions of new habitats by selfing lineages. With limited or missing gene flow from other lineages, new mutations and their effects can be easily detected. North America has been colonized in historic times by the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and although multiple intercrossing lineages are found today, many of the individuals belong to a single lineage, HPG1. To determine in this lineage the rate of substitutions-the subset of mutations that survived natural selection and drift-, we have sequenced genomes from plants collected between 1863 and 2006. We identified 73 modern and 27 herbarium specimens that belonged to HPG1. Using the estimated substitution rate, we infer that the last common HPG1 ancestor lived in the early 17th century, when it was most likely introduced by chance from Europe. Mutations in coding regions are depleted in frequency compared to those in other portions of the genome, consistent with purifying selection. Nevertheless, a handful of mutations is found at high frequency in present-day populations. We link these to detectable phenotypic variance in traits of known ecological importance, life history and growth, which could reflect their adaptive value. Our work showcases how, by applying genomics methods to a combination of modern and historic samples from colonizing lineages, we can directly study new mutations and their potential evolutionary relevance.

An interdisciplinary investigation of the Bible's place in American experience Much has changed since the Society of Biblical Literature's Bible in American Culture series was published in the 1980s, but the influence of the Bible has not waned. In the United States, the stories, themes, and characters of the Bible continue to shape art, literature, music, politics, education, and social movements to varying degrees. In this volume, contributors highlight new approaches that move beyond simple citation of texts and explore how biblical themes infuse US culture and how this process in turn transforms biblical traditions. Features An examination of changes in the production, transmission, and consumption of the Bible An exploration of how Bible producers disseminate US experiences to a global audience An assessment of the factors that produce widespread myths about and nostalgia for a more biblically grounded nation

No abstract is available.

• From the cellular perspective, organ growth is determined by production and growth of cells. Uncovering how these two processes are coordinated is essential for understanding organogenesis and regulation of organ growth. • We utilized phenotypic and genetic variation of 252 natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for identifying genes underlying root growth variation; using a T-DNA line candidate approach, we identified one gene involved in root growth control and characterized its function using microscopy, root growth kinematics, G2/M phase cell count, ploidy levels and ribosome polysome profiles. • We identified a factor contributing to root growth control: Arabidopsis Adenylate Kinase 6 (AAK6). AAK6 is required for normal cell production and normal cell elongation, and its natural genetic variation is involved in determining root growth differences between Arabidopsis accessions. A lack of AAK6 reduces cell production in the aak6 root apex, but this is partially compensated for by longer mature root cells. Thereby, aak6 mutants exhibit compensatory cell enlargement, a phenomenon unexpected in roots. Moreover, aak6 plants accumulate 80S ribosomes while the polysome profile remains unchanged, consistent with a phenotype of perturbed ribosome biogenesis. • In conclusion, AAK6 impacts ribosome abundance, cell production and thereby root growth.

The Woman's Bibleshows typical characteristics of nineteenth-century thought, including a replacement of a personal God with Nature, an attraction to historical-critical methods of the study of scripture, a belief in progressive revelation, Orientalism, theological anti-Semitism, and an interest in the occult. These ideas inform its very mixed picture of Judaism. Progressive revelation and Orientalism, forms of thought congenial to higher criticism, pervade the image of ““the Jews,”” whose ““backward”” ideas degraded women. Jesus is judged to be free of patriarchy, while Paul's negative comments on women are attributed to his Jewishness. The anti-Jewish statements are tempered by Elizabeth Cady Stanton's rejection of Christian triumphalism, as well as some commentators' appreciation for Jewish insights. The commentary invites us to think about the relationship between abolitionist and suffragist exegesis, cultural determinism versus human agency, and the prescience of Cady Stanton and others in identifying issues that would engage feminist interpreters a century later.