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Blockchain technology is an innovative technology with the potential of transforming cities by augmenting the building of resilient societies and enabling the emergence of more transparent and accountable governments. To understand the capabilities of blockchain, as well as its impact on the public sector, this study conducted a review of blockchain technology and its implementations by various governments around the globe. E-government evolution is analyzed, based on empirical evidence from a Dubai government entity in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which has utilized blockchain technology for developing end-user services, relevant to the public sector. Benefits achieved and challenges to overcome in such blockchain-based pilot deployments are discussed. The findings of this study offer new insights for practitioners involved in bringing in innovations for the benefit of society, using blockchain technology. Furthermore, it provides insights into policy actions to be developed to address the future challenges and to improve already existing e-government policies. The results of this research will benefit all blockchain-based pilot deployments by providing guidance and knowledge on this immature yet developing technology.

This review explores techniques to minimize radiation exposure during dental radiographic procedures, focusing on advancements in technology, patient and operator safety measures, and adherence to evidence-based protocols. Radiographic imaging is essential in dentistry but involves exposure to ionizing radiation, necessitating strategies to reduce risks while maintaining diagnostic quality. Key advancements, such as digital radiography, high-frequency X-ray generators, rectangular collimation, and pulsed exposure systems, have significantly lowered radiation doses. Patient protection measures, including the use of lead aprons, thyroid collars, and precise positioning, further minimize exposure. For operators, maintaining safe distances, using protective barriers, and regular dosimetry monitoring are critical. Challenges include high costs of advanced equipment, ensuring protocol compliance, and limited patient awareness. By integrating advanced technologies and adopting the ALARA principle, dental professionals can optimize radiation safety, enhancing patient and operator protection while maintaining diagnostic efficacy.