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Background Health literacy(HL) is defined as the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain process and understand basic health information and services required for making appropriate health decisions. Effective interventions to improve older people’s HL have become increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to conduct a review of interventions aimed at enhancing the HL of older people. Methodology Relevant information was gathered from various databases including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Additionally, a manual search of related journals and Google Scholar, a search of the reference lists of selected articles, and a search of unpublished sources were also conducted up to 30 August 2024. Reporting quality assessment was performed using CONSORT: 2010, JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies, and “Quality Assessment Criteria for Survey Research Reports”. Results A total of 21 articles were included in this study. The interventions conducted in high-income countries were found to be more effective compared to those conducted in middle and low-income countries. Furthermore, interventions carried out at the community level were more effective than those performed in nursing homes. Educational interventions were more effective than lifestyle modification interventions, and interventions carried out in a single dimension were more effective than multidimensional interventions. Additionally, interventions that utilized technology were found to be more effective. Conclusion Based on the findings, community-based interventions that encompass a one-dimensional approach, incorporating the use of technology and considering the duration of the intervention, are more recommended.

Background Individuals with GD may suffer from limited access to healthcare services because of negative attitudes from the healthcare providers. Therefore, to promote medical service it is of great importance to address negative attitudes among healthcare providers. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of transphobia as well as to assess the association between personality traits and transphobia among students of the University of Medical Sciences, who will hold key positions within the healthcare system. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 418 students at Tabriz in northwestern Iran in 2024. Convenience sampling method was utilized. Data were gathered through standard self-reported questioners; Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS), and Big Five Inventory scale (BFI-44). Linear regression analysis was conducted to estimate standard coefficient with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs). Results The response rate was calculated as 98.35% in which 204 (48.8%) out of the participants were female. The mean (SD) age was 23.73 (2.01) years. The adjusted multiple linear regression coefficients indicated that the agreeableness (β = 0.16, p  = 0.001), neuroticism (β = 0.11, p  = 0.02), and openness (β = -0.27, p  = 0.001) were able to effectively explain the variance in transphobia scores. However, conscientiousness (β = 0.06, p  = 0.18) and extroversion (β = 0.06, p  = 0.05) did not significantly contribute to explaining the variance in transphobia scores. Conclusions Personality traits may significantly influence attitudes toward transgender individuals, suggesting that interventions designed to reduce transphobia should consider these foundational personality characteristics. Clinical trial number Not applicable.

The suicide rate in Bonab County, northwest Iran, has been reported to exceed 16 per 100,000. To develop and implement an effective suicide prevention program (SPP) at the local level in this County, a population-based epidemiological study was conducted to investigate factors associated with suicide and suicide attempts (SA). In this population and registry-based descriptive-analytical study, all deaths of suicide and SA from 2021 to 2023 were analyzed. Data were collected through a population-based registry for suicide and using community health workers in primary care. The study compared epidemiological characteristics and related risk factors between suicide and SA. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and calculated the adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for the likelihood of suicide compared to attempts. During 2021–2023, the suicide rates were 16.2, 11.44, and 12.08, while the SA rates were 212, 234, and 237 per 100,000 people. Overall, the suicide rate decreased, whereas the SA rate increased during this period. In the final analysis, males (AOR = 1.97: 1.2–3.6), individuals aged 35–60 (AOR = 1.56: 1.01–3.7), hanging (AOR = 7.4: 2.6–14.2), family conflicts (AOR = 2.65: 1.8–6.13), stressful life events (AOR = 1.25: 1.1–3.9), and unemployment (AOR = 1.8: 1.04–3.5) were associated with an increased likelihood of suicide. The suicide rate in this county surpasses the national average. Predictors of suicide and SA exhibit fundamental differences in this County. The study identified family conflicts, stressful life events, the hanging method, male gender, unemployment, and adult age as reliable predictors for suicide, while factors such as having psychiatric disorders, previous SA, and being female were linked to SA. These factors should be taken into account when developing SPP in Bonab County. Furthermore, the study highlights the need to consider various socioeconomic and cultural factors when developing SPP.

BackgroundWorking memory is impaired in many patients with psychotic disorder and influence their daily living. This study aimed to evaluate therapeutic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on working memory of patients with recent onset schizophrenia.Methods40 patients with schizophrenia randomized to either 6 sessions of add-on active (2 mA, 20min) or sham tDCS (anode: left DLPFC/F3; cathode: right supraorbital/F4, duration of 30 minutes and 72 hours in between). Patients with predominant negative symptoms were excluded. Primary outcome was improvement of working memory performance on letter-number sequencing test and secondary outcome was reduction in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsMajority of patients (90%) were male. Mean age was 34.12 (±11.20) ranging from 27 to 59 years. Mean score of PANSS was 9.8±2.1 in negative, 17.4±4.0 in positive and 19.2±3.2 in general symptoms. Cognitive performance of patients receiving tDCS improved significantly (7.7±2.3 to 10.3±1.7, p=0.001) compared to the sham group (8.9±3.5 to 9.1±2.4). PANSS score did not change significantly and had the same trend in the two groups.DiscussionThe results of the present study indicate that prefrontal tDCS may be a promising intervention for cognitive rehabilitation in patients with recent onset schizophrenia with prominent positive symptoms.

Background Recent studies on the schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders showed that alternation of immune system components, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs) and pro-inflammatory compounds, plays a significant role in developing the illness. The study aimed to evaluate serum expression of the miRNA-26a, miRNA-106a, and miRNA-125b as genetic factors and serum levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α as pro-inflammatory factors in an IranianAzeri population. Methods Forty patients with recent-onset non-affective psychosis and 40 healthy people as a control group were involved. Expression levels of miRNAs and serum levels of the cytokines were measured using RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. T-test, receiver operating characteristics (ROC), and spearman correlation coefficient were carried out data analysis. Results Findings showed higher levels of IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, miR-26a, and miR-106a in the plasma of the patients’ group compared with the control. miRNA-26a showed a statistically significant higher level ( p  < .003) compared to the control group, with AUC = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77 to 0.93, P  < .001) and cut-off point = 0.17 in comparison to other miRNAs as mentioned above; in this regard, it might be a suggestive biomarker for schizophrenia in the early stage of the illness. Moreover, miRNAs’ expression level was not substantially associated with the level of any measured cytokines above. Conclusions miR-26a might be a suggestive biomarker for schizophrenia in the early stage of the illness. Given that the relationship between other miRNAs and cytokines is not yet well understood; accordingly, there are encouragement and support for continued research in this fascinating field.

Rising cases of cognitive disorders, depression, and anxiety underscore the need for new treatments, given the limited effectiveness and side effects of current options. AdipoRon targets adiponectin receptors and shows promise for protecting the brain, reducing inflammation, and supporting metabolism. This review examines preclinical data to determine whether AdipoRon consistently improves mood and cognitive function and to identify the underlying neurobiological pathways. We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, with no time limit, up to August 30, 2025. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated using the Collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Studies (CAMARADES) checklists and the SYRCLE risk of bias tool. The studies found that AdipoRon treatment significantly reduced immobility in the forced swim test and had a significant anxiolytic effect in the open field test, especially in chronic unpredictable mild stress models. It also improved recognition memory in the novel object recognition test in models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Additionally, AdipoRon increased the expression of synaptic proteins, such as synaptophysin and PSD-95, in rodent models of these diseases. It also modulated the production of inflammatory cytokines. This review establishes AdipoRon’s capacity to resolve depressive, anxious, and cognitive deficits in rodent models. Because the meta-analyses were based on a limited number of studies and substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies, the findings should be interpreted with caution. However, further well-designed preclinical and clinical investigations are essential to confirm these findings.

Introduction: Schizophrenia involves cognitive deficits, including working memory impairments. Researches indicate tau protein abnormalities may contribute to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. While transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) shows promise in improving cognitive function, its effects on tau protein and working memory in schizophrenia remain unclear. Methods: Forty participants were randomly assigned to receive either tDCS or sham treatment in this randomized clinical trial. The tDCS group received anodal stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 minutes, while the sham group received a placebo. Serum tau levels and working memory were assessed before and after using ELISA and the digit span task. Results: The results showed that the tDCS group had a significantly higher increase in phosphorylated tau protein serum levels compared to the sham group (5.53 ± 3.67 vs. 1.49 ± 3.90, P < 0.05). There was no significant mean change difference in serum levels of total tau protein between the groups. Females displayed higher increase in both total tau (1.88 ± 0.66 vs. 1.43 ± 0.80, P = 0.664) and p-tau levels (4.92 ± 0.88 vs. 2.11 ± 0.64, P = 0.014). The tDCS group also showed significantly higher improvement in working memory than the sham group (P < 0.05). Correlations between tau changes and memory enhancements approached significance (r(total tau) = 0.30; P = 0.051, r(p-tau ) = 0.27; P = 0.063). Conclusion: These findings reveal the tDCS impact on tau markers, shedding light on the disorder's molecular pathways and sex influences. Enhanced memory, linked to tau changes, suggests its potential as a treatment indicator.

Background: Although the prevalence of transgender individuals has increased, there is currently no scale that aligns with Iranian culture to assess transphobia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale (GTS), and its cross-cultural adaptation in an Iranian setting. Methods: This psychometric study involved 418 students in Tabriz, northwestern Iran. Forward-backward translation was conducted to develop a Persian version of the scale. Reliability was assessed using test-retest, Cronbach’s alpha, and the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) test. Face, content, and construct validity were also evaluated. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91 for transphobia/genderism (T/G), 0.83 for gender-bashing (GB) and 0.91 for the total GTS. The results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) showed that the two factors, T/G and GB, collectively explained 47.05% of the total variance. The ICCs for different factors of the Persian-GTS including T/G, GB, and GTS total were r=0.79 (Confidence interval [CI] 95%; 0.86 - 0.90), r=0.65 (CI 95%; 0.71 - 0.80), and r=0.98 (CI 95%; 0.68 - 0.79), respectively. An EFA identified two factors defining 47.05% of all the variance. Items number 8 and 31 were removed from the Persian version of GTS. Conclusion: The Persian-GTS was identified to be valid and reliable for evaluating students’ attitudes toward transgender individuals. Consequently, the Persian-GTS can be utilized in research concerning health issues related to transgender individuals.

Introduction: Internet addiction is a growing phenomenon that has harmful psychological-behavioral effects on users. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between moral intelligence and communication skill s with the mediation of psychological distress in secondary school students of Tabriz city. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional correlational study, 431 adolescents (female=227, male=204) in Tabriz, Iran schools were selected using cluster sampling and responded to psychological distress questionnaires DASS21, Internet addiction KDAI, communication skill s of Queen dam and moral intelligence of Lenik Vakil. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. SPSS 26 and LISREL 8.80 statistical software were used to classify, process and analyze data and test research hypotheses. Results: The fit indices of the proposed model show its optimal fit (χ2/df=2.93, CFI=0.97, GFI=0.91, AGFI=0.88, RMSEA=0.06, RMR=0.03). The results showed that moral intelligence (β=-0.167, P<0.001) and communication skill s (β=-0.525, P<0.001) have a significant indirect relationship with Internet addiction. Conclusion: The present study showed that healthcare organizations should take preventive interventions more seriously to reduce the possibility of Internet addiction and pay attention to the issue of increasing the level of moral intelligence and communication skill s with regard to the mediating role of psychological distress in order to reduce psychological distress. We can reduce the increasing prevalence of internet addiction.