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In contemporary days, the research and development enterprises have been focusing to design intelligently the battery swap station (BSS) architecture having the prospects of providing a consistent platform for the successful installation of the large-scale fleet of hybrid and electric vehicles (i.e. xEVs). The BSS may calibrate its subsystem for the electric vehicle (EV) deployment by accomplishing similar idea as in existing gasoline refuelling stations, in which the discharged batteries are being replaced or swapped by partially or fully charged ones by spending a few minutes. The BSS approach has arisen as a promising technology to the traditional EV recharging station approach as it provides a broader experience of business prospects for the specific stakeholders. This work deals with the introduction to BSS including infrastructure, techniques, benefits over charging station and key challenges associated with BSS. Furthermore, an S34X-smart swapping station for xEVs is proposed and finally, the key thrust is research for BSS is discussed. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first kind of review work on BSS.

Greenhouse gas emission, fast depletion of fossil fuels, the oil crisis and the increased cost of petroleum products are the major factors that need a shift from internal combustion engines to Electric Vehicles. The commercial deployment of EVs requires a large charging infrastructure to charge and discharge the EVs. Vehicle to Grid is a new emerging technology which came into existence because a large number of EVs can be used as load as well as an energy storage system to support the grid. However, the uncoordinated EV charging shows the crucial impact on the power system. Thus, optimum coordination of the V2G system needed. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive state of art research of V2G system. The presented paper describes the methodology adopted for power flow under V2G scheme. Further, it explains the key barriers for adoption of V2G at a commercial level. Moreover, the state of art comparison is given for V2G, vehicle to home (V2H) and vehicle to vehicle (V2V). Later, the various optimization techniques have explained how they support the optimal energy management system under a coordinated V2G system.

Power pad designing, misalignment reduction, safety, automation, living object detection (LOD), and foreign object debris (FOD) detection are the key challenges in the commercialization of the high voltage wireless charging of Electric Vehicles (EV). The interruption from unwanted and sensitive foreign objects such as metal objects and living objects over the charging pads is an immense challenge for the static wireless charging of EV. In this manuscript, the problem of interference due to foreign objects and living objects has been analyzed, and an innovative laser– and sensor-based FOD detection method is proposed and verified by developing a prototype setup. Modeling and analysis of the effects of foreign objects have been performed using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Ansys Maxwell® environment. The analysis compares the consequence of the presence of foreign objects on the wireless charging power pad. The proposed method utilizes laser light and sensor for the detection and two-dimensional signal processing for the elimination of FOD. The proposed method is compatible with all types of static wireless charging systems without interrupting the power transfer and power circuit. The proposed system has been analyzed and compared with the various available FOD detection techniques. The feasibility of the proposed system has been assessed with the help of an on the bench hardware prototype implementation in the lab environment.

This work puts presents an all-inclusive state of the art bibliographical review of all categories of electrified transportation (xEVs) standards, issued by the most important standardization organizations. Firstly, the current status for the standards by major organizations is presented followed by the graphical representation of the number of standards issued. The review then takes into consideration the interpretation of the xEVs standards developed by all the major standardization organizations across the globe. The standards are differentiated categorically to deliver a coherent view of the current status followed by the explanation of the core of these standards. The ISO, IEC, SAE, IEEE, UL, ESO, NTCAS, JARI, JIS and ARAI electrified transportation vehicles xEV Standards from USA, Europe, Japan, China and India were evaluated. A total approximated of 283 standards in the area have been issued. A tabular form containing the code numbers and standards titles by the major standard organizations in a total of seven categories is presented. Categories identified were: Standards on xEV Terminology Vocabulary, Standards on xEV Charging, Standards on xEV Battery and Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems - RESS, Standards on xEV Safety and Protection, Standards on xEV Communication, Standards on xEV Power Quality, Power Rating and Power Transfer, and finally, Standards on Measurement of the xEV Performance Measurement. This detailed elucidation of the standards will assist the researchers, reviewers and experts to find all the standards available in open literature at one platform, compare and differentiate of various standards considered. Further, description of up-to- date standards of the xEVs sector in India is outlined, which is of significant importance considering the increasing influence of electric mobility in the Indian transportation sector. This work will be valuable, principally to the automotive industry, as reference for product development applicable to numerous worldwide markets.

Electric vehicles (EVs) with enormous batteries are capable of storing a high quantity of energy. This stored energy can be used as a standby power supply or as backup energy storage for domestic loads whenever a blackout or load shedding happens. Further, solar photovoltaic (PV) energy can also be utilized to charge the battery of EV and also improve the backup energy source for domestic loads. The main purposes of this article are to reduce the energy cost of a household and also to minimize the dependency of domestic loads on the grid, to enhance the reliability of power supply to the residential loads during load shedding and blackouts, and to maximize the utilization of power produced by the solar photovoltaic array (SPVA) mounted on the rooftop. Moreover, Alternating Current (AC) loads are connected to the AC bus, and Direct Current (DC) loads are connected separately to the DC bus to avoid power losses in conversion (DC to AC and AC to DC). In this work, a fuzzy inference system (FIS) is applied for effective energy management of a home and better utilization of stored energy of EVs for domestic loads. A model of vehicle-to-home (V2H) system based on the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for managing the battery of the vehicle, rooftop SPVA, emergency backup power, DC, and AC residential loads, and grid power is also proposed. An effective and reliable FLC based on the Sugeno inference system has been designed and developed, which is optimized by an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for better performance. The number of rules for the first design was 47, which is reduced to 38 by ANFIS optimization. Therefore, 54 rules for six FLC have been reduced for the entire system. Further, the results show appreciable values in terms of economic parameters.

Electrical failure is more common in single-coil compared with dual-coil implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads in the case of the recalled Riata lead. Single-coil leads are however favored in most patients given their lower risk of extraction. We therefore evaluated the failure-free survival of single- versus dual-coil ICD leads not included in Food and Drug Administration recalls. All patients receiving a Medtronic transvenous Sprint Quattro single- or dual-coil ICD lead were included in this analysis. Leads were followed to the end point of electrical failure. A total of 1,020 dual-coil and 631 single-coil ICD leads were implanted at our institution from November 2000 to March 2014. As expected, dual-coil leads had a longer follow-up time (3.4 ± 2.6 years vs 1.3 ± 1.0 years, p <0.001) because they were approved many years earlier by the Food and Drug Administration. The overall lead survival rates free from electrical failure at 1, 2, and 3 years after implantation were 98.8%, 98.2%, and 95.1%, respectively, for the single-coil leads versus 99.7%, 99.4%, and 99.3%, respectively, for the dual-coil leads (p = 0.0013). In conclusion, single-coil leads are associated with higher electrical failure rates compared with dual-coil leads even for nonrecalled lead models from the same family and manufacturer. These findings have implications on the choice of ICD lead at the time of device implantation.

Institutions across the United States have been subjected to a federal audit for defibrillator implantable cardioverter defibrillator [ICD] implantations that violated the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid payment policy. We examined the long-term outcome of ICD recipients whose implantation procedures were audited by the Department of Justice (DOJ). Patients (n = 225) included in the DOJ audit at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between the years 2003 and 2010 were followed to the end point of all-cause mortality. A cohort of 206 consecutive and contemporary ICD recipients not included in the federal audit served as controls. Compared with the controls, the audited cases were older (p <0.001), had more preserved ejection fraction (p <0.001), and were less likely to be implanted for a primary prevention indication (p = 0.001). They also had significantly shorter time from myocardial infarction (p <0.001) or revascularization (p <0.001) to ICD implantation. Over a median follow-up of 3.6 years, 187 patients died and 71 received ICD therapy for ventricular arrhythmias. Patients whose cases were audited had worse survival compared with controls (hazard ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.90, p = 0.023) even after correcting for differences in baseline characteristics (hazard ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.02, p = 0.023). Rates of appropriate and inappropriate ICD therapies were similar between the audited cases and controls. In conclusion, patients whose ICD implantations were audited by the DOJ have worse long-term survival compared with nonaudited control patients. These data support compliance with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid guidelines when the individual patient's clinical condition allows it.

The CHA2 DS2 -VASC score is a well-validated stratification tool that predicts the risk of thromboembolism and stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Several studies have examined its application as a predictor of mortality in clinical applications other than atrial fibrillation. However, there are current no studies examining its use as an outcome prediction tool in a population of patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs). In this study, we examined data from 2,258 patients who underwent ICD device implantation at the hospitals of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center from February 2002 to April 2014 (median follow-up 5.1 years) and examined the impact of their CHA2 DS2 -VASC score at the time of device implantation on all-cause mortality. Survival curves based on CHA2 DS2 -VASC scores were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method and were adjusted for unbalanced covariates using the Cox proportional hazards model. The mean CHA2 DS2 -VASC score was 3.15 ± 1.52 (range 1 to 8, mode 3). The CHA2 DS2 -VASC score predicted all-cause mortality in a significant and dose-dependent fashion. Analyzing the population by quartiles revealed increasing all-cause mortality from Q1 to Q4 (p <0.001). Using a Cox multivariate model adjusting for ejection fraction, BMI, serum creatinine, hemoglobin level, and QRS width, the CHA2 DS2 -VASC score remained a strong predictor of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.26 per 1-point increase, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.32). In conclusion, the CHA2 DS2 -VASC score is a simple tool that highly predicts all-cause mortality in patients with ICD.