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\"Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach to Preserving Earth's Water discusses the latest research in green chemistry practices and principles that are involved in water remediation and the quality improvement of water. The presence of heavy metals, dyes, fluoride, dissolved solids and many other pollutants are responsible for water pollution and poor water quality. The removal of these pollutants in water resources is necessary, yet challenging. Water preservation is of great importance globally and researchers are making significant progress in ensuring this precious commodity is safe and potable. This volume illustrates how bioremediation in particular is a promising green technique globally\"-- Provided by publisher.

The use of synthetic chemical dyes in various industrial processes, including paper and pulp manufacturing, plastics, dyeing of cloth, leather treatment and printing, has increased considerably over the last few years, resulting in the release of dye-containing industrial effluents into the soil and aquatic ecosystems. The textile industry generates high-polluting wastewaters and their treatment is a very serious problem due to high total dissolved solids (TDS), presence of toxic heavy metals, and the non-biodegradable nature of the dyestuffs in the effluent. The chapters in this book provide an overview of the problem and its solution from different angles. These problems and solutions are presented in a genuinely holistic way by world-renowned researchers. Discussed are various promising techniques to remove dyes, including the use of nanotechnology, ultrasound, microwave, catalysts, biosorption, enzymatic treatments, advanced oxidation processes, etc., all of which are \"green.\" Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater comprehensively discusses: * Different types of dyes, their working and methodologies and various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods employed * Application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in dye removal whereby highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are generated chemically, photochemically and/or by radiolytic/ sonolytic means. The potential of ultrasound as an AOP is discussed as well. * Nanotechnology in the treatment of dye removal types of adsorbents for removal of toxic pollutants from aquatic systems * Photocatalytic oxidation process for dye degradation under both UV and visible light, application of solar light and solar photoreactor in dye degradation

The use of synthetic chemical dyes in various industrial processes, including paper and pulp manufacturing, plastics, dyeing of cloth, leather treatment and printing, has increased considerably over the last few years, resulting in the release of dye-containing industrial effluents into the soil and aquatic ecosystems. The textile industry generates high-polluting wastewaters and their treatment is a very serious problem due to high total dissolved solids (TDS), presence of toxic heavy metals, and the non-biodegradable nature of the dyestuffs in the effluent. The chapters in this book provide an overview of the problem and its solution from different angles. These problems and solutions are presented in a genuinely holistic way by world-renowned researchers. Discussed are various promising techniques to remove dyes, including the use of nanotechnology, ultrasound, microwave, catalysts, biosorption, enzymatic treatments, advanced oxidation processes, etc., all of which are \"green.\" Green Chemistry for Dyes Removal from Wastewater comprehensively discusses: Different types of dyes, their working and methodologies and various physical, chemical and biological treatment methods employed Application of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in dye removal whereby highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are generated chemically, photochemically and/or by radiolytic/ sonolytic means. The potential of ultrasound as an AOP is discussed as well. Nanotechnology in the treatment of dye removal types of adsorbents for removal of toxic pollutants from aquatic systems Photocatalytic oxidation process for dye degradation under both UV and visible light, application of solar light and solar photoreactor in dye degradation

Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach to Preserving Earth's Water discusses the latest research in green chemistry practices and principles that are involved in water remediation and the quality improvement of water. The presence of heavy metals, dyes, fluoride, dissolved solids and many other pollutants are responsible for water pollution and poor water quality. The removal of these pollutants in water resources is necessary, yet challenging. Water preservation is of great importance globally and researchers are making significant progress in ensuring this precious commodity is safe and potable. This volume illustrates how bioremediation in particular is a promising green technique globally. Features: Addresses bioremediation of all the major water pollutants Approaches the chemistry of water and the concept of water as a renewable resource from a green chemistry aspect Discusses environmental chemistry and the practice of industrial ecology Explains the global concern of adequate high quality water supplies, and how bioremediation can resolve this Explores sustainable development through green engineering Chapter 1: Green Chemistry and Its Applications in Water Remediation. S. Atalay, G. Ersöz, and Sanjay K. Sharma. Chapter 2: Share of Bioremediation in Research Journals: A Bibliometric Study. Hasan Demir and Sanjay K. Sharma. Chapter 3: Biofunctionalized Adsorbents for Treatment of Industrial Effluents. P. Bannerjee, A. Mukhopadhyay, and P. Das. Chapter 4: Applications of Biosorption in Heavy Metals Removal. F.E. Soetaredjo, S.P. Santoso, L. Laysandra, K. Foe, and S. Ismadji. Chapter 5: Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes in Wastewaters. S. Ortiz-Monsalve and M. Gutterres. Chapter 6: The Cross-Talk between Bioremediation and Valuation of Residues of the Olive-Oil Production Chain. Ana Filipa Domingues, Inês Correia Rosa, Ruth Pereira, and Joana Luís Pereira. Chapter 7: Applications of Biosorption in Dyels Removal. Jaqueline Benvenuti, Santiago Ortiz-Monsalve, Bianca Mella, and Mariliz Gutterres. Chapter 8: Use of Bioremediation in Treatment of Industrial Effluents. A. Gürses and K. Günes. Chapter 9: Biosorption: A Promising Technique against Dye Removal. G. Ersöz and S. Atalay. Chapter 10: Green Synthesis of Carbonaceous Adsorbents and Their Application for Removal of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Water. S.R. Barman, A. Mukhopadhyay, and P Das. Processing of water is a major activity that affects health and safety in all countries of the world. While many water treatment processes have a long history of development and improvement, there is continuing progress both in terms of remediating new chemicals found in effluents and through ongoing laboratory research. The ten chapters in this book address varied subjects such as green chemistry in water processing, biofunctionalized adsorbents, biodegradation and adsorption of dyes, synthesis of adsorbents, olive oil waste treatment, and processing of industrial effluents. Notably, more than five thousand publications related to remediation of water have been gathered in a bibliometric study; the results are presented in chapter 2. Chapter 4 covers adsorption of heavy metals and includes information on many equilibrium isotherms. Bioremediation of industrial contaminants found in soil as well as industrial effluents are discussed in chapter 8. This chapter includes tables of effective microorganisms for biodegradation of different industrial wastes. All chapters, indeed, provide numerous citations and references as well as helpful tables and figures. Contributing authors hail from many different countries including Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Portugal, and Turkey. This collection will be especially useful for scholars and civil engineers concerned with preserving water resources through remediation. --L. E. Erickson, emeritus, Kansas State University, Choice Reviews and Highly Recommended Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers. Sanjay K. Sharma - M.Sc.(1995) and PhD(1999), University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. He has more than 18 years of teaching experience at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Presently he is working as the Professor of Chemistry at JECRC University, Jaipur (India).His research interests are green chemistry and water related topics. He has published over 60 Research Papers in national and international research journals and published 18 books from various international publishers. He has been appointed series editor for Springer’s Brief Book series, ‘Green Chemistry for Sustainability’.

Mobilization of unavailable phosphorus (P) to plant available P is a prerequisite to sustain crop productivity. Although most of the agricultural soils have sufficient amounts of phosphorus, low availability of native soil P remains a key limiting factor to increasing crop productivity. Solubilization and mineralization of applied and native P to plant available form is mediated through a number of biological and biochemical processes that are strongly influenced by soil carbon/organic matter, besides other biotic and abiotic factors. Soils rich in organic matter are expected to have higher P availability potentially due to higher biological activity. In conventional agricultural systems mineral fertilizers are used to supply P for plant growth, whereas organic systems largely rely on inputs of organic origin. The soils under organic management are supposed to be biologically more active and thus possess a higher capability to mobilize native or applied P. In this study we compared biological activity in soil of a long-term farming systems comparison field trial in vertisols under a subtropical (semi-arid) environment. Soil samples were collected from plots under 7 years of organic and conventional management at five different time points in soybean (Glycine max) -wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop sequence including the crop growth stages of reproductive significance. Upon analysis of various soil biological properties such as dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activities, microbial respiration, substrate induced respiration, soil microbial biomass carbon, organically managed soils were found to be biologically more active particularly at R2 stage in soybean and panicle initiation stage in wheat. We also determined the synergies between these biological parameters by using the methodology of principle component analysis. At all sampling points, P availability in organic and conventional systems was comparable. Our findings clearly indicate that owing to higher biological activity, organic systems possess equal capabilities of supplying P for crop growth as are conventional systems with inputs of mineral P fertilizers.

Background: Human skull consists of various bones. One of them is mandible which is quite resistant, tough and shows systemic differences in form between individuals of different sex. It resists putrefaction also. There are characteristic features in the mandible that help us to differentiate sex in case of unknown victims like in mass disasters or in case fragmentary remains of the skeleton are found. Analysis of mandible with regard to its features is of great assistance in the determination of sex. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 dry mandible bones were collected. Morphological and morphometric parameters were studied to determine their sex. A total of nine parameters, i.e., three non-metric and six metric parameters were observed for each mandible. Data was collected for each parameter. Results: Among 80 dry mandible bones, 55 were males and 25 were females. 81.2% males bones had a square chin whereas, 80% females had a rounded chin. Gonial flare was everted in 89% males and inverted in 68% females. Conclusion: Mandible exhibits significant sexual differences. Various morphological and morphometric parameters are essential for sex determination in case of mandible bone.

With the advent of advanced geographical informational systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies in recent years, topographic (elevation, slope, aspect, and flow accumulation) and vegetation attributes are routinely available from digital elevation models (DEMs) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at different spatial (remote sensor footprint, watershed, regional) scales. Based on the correlation of soil distribution and vegetation growth patterns across a topographically heterogeneous landscape, this study explores the use of topographic and vegetation attributes in addition to pedologic attributes to develop pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties in the Southern Great Plains of the USA. The extensive Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) hydrology experiment database was used to derive these functions by using artificial neural networks. Eighteen models combining bootstrapping technique with artificial neural networks were developed in a hierarchical manner to predict the soil water contents at eight different soil water potentials (theta at 5, 10, 333, 500, 1000, 3000, 8000, and 15 000 cm) and the van Genuchten hydraulic parameters (theta(r), theta(s), α, n). The performance of the neural network models was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient between the observed and the predicted values and root mean square error (RMSE). Although variability exists within bootstrapped replications, improvements (of different levels of statistical significance) were achieved with certain input combinations of basic soil properties, topography and vegetation information compared with using only the basic soil properties as inputs. Topography (DEM) and vegetation (NDVI) attributes at finer scales were useful to capture the variations within the soil mapping units for the SGP97 region dominated by perennial grass cover.

Background & objectives: In India, the burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria has been projected to be highest in some areas. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination (FDC) of arterolane maleate (AM) 37.5 mg and piperaquine phosphate 187.5 mg (PQP) dispersible tablets and (not with) chloroquine in the treatment of uncomplicated vivax malaria in pediatric patients. Methods: This multicentric, open-label trial was carried out at 12 sites in India. A total of 164 patients aged 6 months to 12 years with P. vivax malaria were randomized in a ratio of 2:1 to AM-PQP (111 patients) or chloroquine (53 patients) arms. The duration of follow up was 42 days. Results: At 72 hours, the proportion of a parasitaemic and afebrile patients was 100% in both treatment arms in per protocol (PP) population, and 98.2% and 100% [95% CI: -1.8 (-6.33 to 5.08)] in AM-PQP and chloroquine arms, respectively, in intent to treat (ITT) population. The efficacy and safety of AM-PQP was found to be comparable to chloroquine in the treatment of uncomplicated P. vivax malaria in pediatric patients. Overall, the cure rate at Day 28 and 42 was >95% for both AM-PQP or CQ. The commonly reported clinical adverse event was vomiting. No patient was discontinued for any QTc abnormality. Interpretation & conclusion: The efficacy and safety of FDC of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate was found to be comparable to chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated P. vivax malaria in pediatric patients.

Biosurfactants have the properties of reducing surface tension, stabilizing emulsions, promoting foaming and are generally non-toxic and biodegradable. Interest in microbial surfactants has been steadily increasing in recent years due to their diversity, environmentally friendly nature, possibility of large-scale production, selectivity, and potential applications in environmental protection. This book provides an up-to-date, coherently written and objectively presented set of book chapters from eminent international researchers who are actively involved in academic and technological research in the area of biosurfactants.

Deterioration of surface water quality in various parts of India due to increasing urbanization has led to the extensive usage of groundwater for various domestic and irrigation needs, thereby raising concerns over its quality. However, there are very few studies focussing over the issue of groundwater quality in North-Eastern region of India. In order to make an assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes, this study was carried out in Shillong—the Capital City of Meghalaya State in North-East India during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of 2018. Standard sampling and analytical procedures were followed for groundwater quality assessment. Minimal variation was observed in the water quality of pre- and post-monsoon seasons. However, the study found that groundwater samples are having acidic pH and presence of nitrate is also reported. Some of the samples also showed the presence of mercury, nickel, and cadmium. The presence of these contaminants could be attributed to the industrial activities in the state. Overall, the groundwater quality was found suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes after conventional treatment. Hydrochemical studies further inferred that groundwater properties in the region are influenced by the rock weathering along with the atmospheric precipitation.