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Noncoding RNAs play diverse and crucial roles across various cell types, with many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) implicated in germ cell development. Although lncRNAs remain largely uncharacterized, they play essential roles in key biological processes, including X-inactivation, pluripotency, genomic imprinting, and cell differentiation. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis using publicly accessible single-cell RNA sequencing data (scRNA-seq) from Gene Expression Omnibus repository. The dataset includes four distinct cell types from different stages of porcine embryonic development: E11 derived epiblast cells, E14 derived somatic and primordial germ cells, E31 derived primordial germ cells. Our analysis identified a large number of lncRNAs and assessed their expression patterns, highlighting their critical roles in embryonic development. We also explored the relationship between lncRNAs and protein-coding genes, particularly focusing on the ten eleven translocation (TET) family genes, which are known for their role in DNA demethylation during early embryogenesis. We identified approximately 0.15 million lncRNA transcripts in porcine early embryos. Additionally, we investigated the differential expression profiles of both lncRNAs and protein-coding genes across different cell types, observing both similarities and differences in gene expression as the embryo differentiates. Finally, we used LncTar to predict potential interactions between co-expressed TET family genes and differentially expressed lncRNAs, providing further insight into their functional relationships in early embryonic development.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules with a length greater than 200 nucleotides that do not code for functional proteins. Although, genes play a vital role in immune response against a disease, it is less known that lncRNAs also contribute through gene regulation. Bovine tuberculosis is a significant zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis ( M. bovis ) in cattle. Here, we report the in-silico analysis of the publicly available transcriptomic data of calves infected with M. bovis . A total of 51,812 lncRNAs were extracted across all the samples. A total of 216 genes and 260 lncRNAs were found to be differentially expressed across all the 4 conditions—infected vs uninfected at 8- and 20-week post-infection (WPI), 8 vs 20-WPI of both infected and uninfected. Gene Ontology and Functional annotation showed that 8 DEGs were annotated with immune system GOs and 2 DEGs with REACTOME immune system pathways. Co-expression analysis of DElncRNAs with DEGs revealed the involvement of lncRNAs with the genes annotated with Immune related GOs and pathways. Overall, our study sheds light on the dynamic transcriptomic changes in response to M. bovis infection, particularly highlighting the involvement of lncRNAs with immune-related genes. The identified immune pathways and gene–lncRNA interactions offer valuable insights for further research in understanding host–pathogen interactions and potential avenues for genetic improvement strategies in cattle.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a family of regulatory RNAs that play essential role in the various developmental processes and stress responses. Recent advances in sequencing technology and computational methods enabled identification and characterization of lncRNAs in certain plant species, but they are less known in (bread wheat). Herein, we analyzed 52 RNA seq data (>30 billion reads) and identified 44,698 lncRNAs in genome, which were characterized in comparison to the coding sequences (mRNAs). Similar to the mRNAs, lncRNAs were also derived from each sub-genome and chromosome, and showed tissue developmental stage specific and differential expression, as well. The modulated expression of lncRNAs during abiotic stresses like heat, drought, and salt indicated their putative role in stress response. The co-expression of lncRNAs with vital mRNAs including various transcription factors and enzymes involved in Abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, and gene ontology mapping inferred their regulatory roles in numerous biological processes. A few lncRNAs were predicted as precursor (19 lncRNAs), while some as target mimics (1,047 lncRNAs) of known miRNAs involved in various regulatory functions. The results suggested numerous functions of lncRNAs in , and unfolded the opportunities for functional characterization of individual lncRNA in future studies.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is empowering, reliable, and ecofriendly technology for harvesting energy which can be assessed from the fact that PV panels with total electricity generation capacity of 505 GW have been installed by the end of 2018. Thin-film solar cells based on copper indium gallium selenide (CIGSe) are promising photovoltaic absorber material owing to an alternative to crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based solar cells because of the huge potential for low-cost solar electricity production with minimal usage of raw materials. The efficiency record of 23.4% was achieved recently in CIGSe solar cells, which was comparable to c-Si solar cells (27.6%). The manufacturing cost of $0.34/W is expected for 15% efficient CIGSe module. The present review article discusses the perspectives of CISe/CIGSe-based thin-film solar cells with the focus on absorber material. Different vacuum and non-vacuum techniques for fabricating these materials are discussed along with the operation of solar cells and their manufacturability. The working mechanism of CIGSe solar cells with the characteristic features of the open-circuit voltage and current density as well as the factors influencing the efficiency in different fabrication techniques are reviewed. Moreover, some strategies toward the improvement of solar cells performance contemplating modified deposition are reviewed. Furthermore, how these strategies can be executed in order to make it cost effective methods is also discussed in detail. Prevailing constrictions for the commercial maturity are deliberated, and future perspectives for improvement at lab as well as industrial scalabilities are outlined.

Lectin receptor kinases (LRKs) play a critical role in plants during development and stress conditions, but a comprehensive analysis at genome level is still not carried out in Triticum aestivum. Herein, we performed the genome wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of these genes in T. aestivum (TaLRK). In-total 263 TaLRK genes were identified, which were further classified into three groups based on the nature of lectin domain. We identified, two TaLRKs consisted of calcium-dependent lectin (C-LRK), while 84 legume-lectin (L-LRK) and 177 bulb-lectin (B-LRK) domains. The L-LRK and B-LRK genes were distributed throughout the genome of T. aestivum. Most of the TaLRKs were clustered as homologs, which were distributed either in proximity on same chromosome or on homoeologous chromosomes of A, B and D sub-genomes. A total of 9 and 58 duplication events were also predicted in L-LRK and B-LRK, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated conserved evolutionary relationship of homologous and orthologous genes from multiple plant species. Gene ontology analysis indicated TaLRKs role in binding, signaling and receptor activities. Most of the TaLRKs consisted of a trans-membrane domain and predicted to be localized in the plasma-membrane. A diverse expression pattern of TaLRK genes was found in various developmental stages and stress conditions. Some TaLRKs were found to be highly affected during a particular stress, which indicated a specialized role of each LRK gene in a specific stress condition. These results described various characteristic feature and expression pattern of TaLRK genes, which will pave the way for functional characterization in wheat.

This work mainly focuses on synthesizing and evaluating the efficiency of methylammonium lead halide‐based perovskite (MAPbX3; X=Cl, Br, I) solar cells. We used the colloidal Hot‐injection method (HIM) to synthesize MAPbX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) perovskites using the specific precursors and organic solvents under ambient conditions. We studied the structural, morphological and optical properties of MAPbX3 perovskites using XRD, FESEM, TEM, UV‐Vis, PL and TRPL (time‐resolved photoluminescence) characterization techniques. The particle size and morphology of these perovskites vary with respect to the halide variation. The MAPbI3 perovskite possesses a low band gap and low carrier lifetime but delivers the highest PCE among other halide perovskite samples, making it a promising candidate for solar cell technology. To further enrich the investigations, the conversion efficiency of the MAPbX3 perovskites has been evaluated through extensive device simulations. Here, the optical constants, band gap energy and carrier lifetime of MAPbX3 were used for simulating three different perovskite solar cells, namely I, Cl or Br halide‐based perovskite solar cells. MAPbI3, MAPbBr3 and MAPbCl3 absorber layer‐based devices showed ~13.7 %, 6.9 % and 5.0 % conversion efficiency. The correlation between the experimental and SCAPS simulation data for HIM‐synthesized MAPBX3‐based perovskites has been reported for the first time. MAPbX3 (X=Cl/Br/I) perovskites have been prepared using the colloidal hot‐injection method (HIM). Their structural, morphological, and optical properties are characterized, and photovoltaic properties are studied using simulations. The MAPbI3 perovskite possesses a low band gap, low carrier lifetime but the highest PCE, making it a promising candidate for solar cell technology.

The leucine rich repeat receptor like kinases (LRRK) constitute the largest subfamily of receptor like kinases (RLK), which play critical roles in plant development and stress responses. Herein, we identified 531 genes in (bread wheat), which were distributed throughout the A, B, and D sub-genomes and chromosomes. These were clustered into 233 homologous groups, which were mostly located on either homeologous chromosomes from various sub-genomes or in proximity on the same chromosome. A total of 255 paralogous genes were predicted which depicted the role of duplication events in expansion of this gene family. Majority of TaLRRKs consisted of trans-membrane region and localized on plasma-membrane. The TaLRRKs were further categorized into eight phylogenetic groups with numerous subgroups on the basis of sequence homology. The gene and protein structure in terms of exon/intron ratio, domains, and motifs organization were found to be variably conserved across the different phylogenetic groups/subgroups, which indicated a potential divergence and neofunctionalization during evolution. High-throughput transcriptome data and quantitative real time PCR analyses in various developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic (heat, drought, and salt) stresses provided insight into modus operandi of TaLRRKs during these conditions. Distinct expression of majority of stress responsive homologous genes suggested their specified role in a particular condition. These results provided a comprehensive analysis of various characteristic features including functional divergence, which may provide the way for future functional characterization of this important gene family in bread wheat.

Newcastle disease is one of the significant issues in the poultry industry, having catastrophic effects worldwide. The lung is one of the essential organs which harbours Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue and plays a vital role in the immune response. Leghorn and Fayoumi breeds are known to have differences in resistance to Newcastle disease. Along with genes and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also known to regulate various biological pathways through gene regulation. This study analysed the lung transcriptome data and identified the role of genes and long non-coding RNAs in differential immune resistance. The computational pipeline, FHSpipe, as used in our previous studies on analysis of harderian gland and trachea transcriptome was used to identify genes and lncRNAs. This was followed by differential expression analysis, functional annotation of genes and lncRNAs, identification of transcription factors, microRNAs and finally validation using qRT-PCR. A total of 8219 novel lncRNAs were identified. Of them, 1263 lncRNAs and 281 genes were differentially expressed. About 66 genes were annotated with either an immune-related GO term or pathway, and 12 were annotated with both. In challenge and breed-based analysis, most of these genes were upregulated in Fayoumi compared to Leghorn, and in timepoint-based analysis, Leghorn challenge chicken showed downregulation between time points. A similar trend was observed in the expression of lncRNAs. Co-expression analysis has revealed several lncRNAs co-expressing with immune genes with a positive correlation. Several genes annotated with non-immune pathways, including metabolism, signal transduction, transport of small molecules, extracellular matrix organization, developmental biology and cellular processes, were also impacted. With this, we can understand that Fayoumi chicken showed upregulated immune genes and positive cis-lncRNAs during both the non-challenged and NDV-challenge conditions, even without viral transcripts in the tissue. This finding shows that these immune-annotated genes and coexpressing cis-lncRNAs play a significant role in Fayoumi being comparatively resistant to NDV compared to Leghorn. Our study affirms and expands upon the outcomes of previous studies and highlights the crucial role of lncRNAs during the immune response to NDV. This analysis clearly shows the differences in the gene expression patterns and lncRNA co-expression with the genes between Leghorn and Fayoumi, indicating that the lncRNAs and co-expressing genes might potentially have a role in differentiating these breeds. We hypothesise that these genes and lncRNAs play a vital role in the higher resistance of Fayoumi to NDV than Leghorn. This study can pave the way for future studies to unravel the biological mechanism behind the regulation of immune-related genes.

Multiple emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota contributes to the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)—a debilitating public health problem in older adults. However, strategies to beneficially modulate gut microbiota and its sensing signaling pathways remain largely unknown. Here, we screened, validated, and established the agonists of free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) signaling, which senses beneficial signals from short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by microbiota. The abundance of SCFAs, is often low in the gut of older adults with AD. We demonstrated that inhibition of FFAR2 signaling increases amyloid-beta (Aβ) stimulated neuronal toxicity. Thus, we screened FFAR2 agonists using an in-silico library of more than 144,000 natural compounds and selected 15 of them based on binding with FFAR2-agonist active sites. Fenchol (a natural compound commonly present in basil) was recognized as a potential FFAR2 stimulator in neuronal cells and demonstrated protective effects against Aβ-stimulated neurodegeneration in an FFAR2-dependent manner. In addition, Fenchol reduced AD-like phenotypes, such as Aβ-accumulation, and impaired chemotaxis behavior in Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans and mice models, by increasing Aβ-clearance via the promotion of proteolysis and reduced senescence in neuronal cells. These results suggest that the inhibition of FFAR2 signaling promotes Aβ-induced neurodegeneration, while the activation of FFAR2 by Fenchol ameliorates these abnormalities by promoting proteolytic Aβ-clearance and reducing cellular senescence. Thus, stimulation of FFAR2 signaling by Fenchol as a natural compound can be a therapeutic approach to ameliorate AD pathology.

The Ca2+/cation antiporters (CaCA) superfamily proteins play vital function in Ca2+ ion homeostasis, which is an important event during development and defense response. Molecular characterization of these proteins has been performed in certain plants, but they are still not characterized in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat). Herein, we identified 34 TaCaCA superfamily proteins, which were classified into TaCAX, TaCCX, TaNCL, and TaMHX protein families based on their structural organization and evolutionary relation with earlier reported proteins. Since the T. aestivum comprises an allohexaploid genome, TaCaCA genes were derived from each A, B, and D subgenome and homeologous chromosome (HC), except chromosome-group 1. Majority of genes were derived from more than one HCs in each family that were considered as homeologous genes (HGs) due to their high similarity with each other. These HGs showed comparable gene and protein structures in terms of exon/intron organization and domain architecture. Majority of TaCaCA proteins comprised two Na_Ca_ex domains. However, TaNCLs consisted of an additional EF-hand domain with calcium binding motifs. Each TaCaCA protein family consisted of about 10 transmembrane and two α-repeat regions with specifically conserved signature motifs except TaNCL, which had single α-repeat. Variable expression of most of the TaCaCA genes during various developmental stages suggested their specified role in development. However, constitutively high expression of a few genes like TaCAX1-A and TaNCL1-B indicated their role throughout the plant growth and development. The modulated expression of certain genes during biotic (fungal infections) and abiotic stresses (heat, drought, salt) suggested their role in stress response. Majority of TaCCX and TaNCL family genes were found highly affected during various abiotic stresses. However, the role of individual gene needs to be established. The present study unfolded the opportunity for detail functional characterization of TaCaCA proteins and their utilization in future crop improvement programs.