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Let Γ = Γ( V , E ) be a simple, planar, connected, and undirected graph. The article primarily concentrates on a category of planar graphs, detailing the explicit identification of each member within this graph family. Within the domain of graph theory, the parameters used to uniquely identify vertices and edges of a graph are commonly referred to as variants of metric dimension, collectively known as resolvability parameters. The present study focuses on the intricate planar structure of a five-sided circular ladder (pentagonal); denoted by P h 5 , and investigate some of the recently introduced resolvability parameters for it, which are mixed metric basis and mixed metric dimension. We prove that the mixed metric dimension for P h 5 is unbounded, and it depends upon the number of vertices present in it. The comparison between several resolvability parameters, viz., metric dimension and edge metric dimension, for P h 5 with mixed metric dimension have also been incorporated in this manuscript, indicating higher level of complexity for resolving both edge and vertex-based relationships. Moreover, several theoretical as well as application based properties, including examples, have also been discussed for P h 5 .

The primary objective of the present study was to explore the effect of ultrasound on the encapsulation potential of a ternary blend of wall materials (Whey Protein Concentrates: Maltodextrin: Gum Arabic; WPC: MD: GA) for adequate protection of flaxseed oil. Combined effects of sonication treatment time and variable composition of wall materials on the emulsion properties (droplet size, Polydispersity Index and Zeta Potential and viscosity) and subsequent spray-dried microcapsules of flaxseed oil were investigated. The best-formulated emulsion, with average droplet sizes of 406.28 nm, exhibited pseudoplastic behaviour. Microcapsules were obtained with the highest encapsulation rates of 90.27% with 4 min of sonication treatment with WPC: MD: GA present in ratio of 0.20:0.50:1.5. The microcapsules’ flow properties were also found to be optimum. Morphological assessment of microcapsules indicated uniform spherical and continuous wall formation. The microcapsules’ oxidative stability was significantly higher even after 56 days of storage, and accelerated oxidative stability rates also increased manifolds after encapsulation. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion results revealed that designed conditions retarded release under gastric conditions, with less than 10% release of oil. However, higher (56% release) bioaccessibility rates were favoured after sequential exposure to intestinal conditions. Therefore, the study outcomes demonstrated the critical implications of designing encapsulation systems for lipid-soluble bioactive for their practical and targeted, controlled delivery in various food products.

N 4 -acetylcytidine (ac 4 C) is an ancient and highly conserved RNA modification that is present on tRNA and rRNA and has recently been investigated in eukaryotic mRNA 1 – 3 . However, the distribution, dynamics and functions of cytidine acetylation have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we report ac 4 C-seq, a chemical genomic method for the transcriptome-wide quantitative mapping of ac 4 C at single-nucleotide resolution. In human and yeast mRNAs, ac 4 C sites are not detected but can be induced—at a conserved sequence motif—via the ectopic overexpression of eukaryotic acetyltransferase complexes. By contrast, cross-evolutionary profiling revealed unprecedented levels of ac 4 C across hundreds of residues in rRNA, tRNA, non-coding RNA and mRNA from hyperthermophilic archaea. Ac 4 C is markedly induced in response to increases in temperature, and acetyltransferase-deficient archaeal strains exhibit temperature-dependent growth defects. Visualization of wild-type and acetyltransferase-deficient archaeal ribosomes by cryo-electron microscopy provided structural insights into the temperature-dependent distribution of ac 4 C and its potential thermoadaptive role. Our studies quantitatively define the ac 4 C landscape, providing a technical and conceptual foundation for elucidating the role of this modification in biology and disease 4 – 6 . A method termed ac 4 C-seq is introduced for the transcriptome-wide mapping of the RNA modification N 4 -acetylcytidine, revealing widespread temperature-dependent acetylation that facilitates thermoadaptation in hyperthermophilic archaea.

This study investigates the distribution and ecological implications of earthworm populations in a moist temperate forest of the northwest Himalayas, located in Himri within the Sunni Forest Division of District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Over a two-year period, a total of 1101 earthworms were collected during the autumn and spring seasons from the understory of Taxus contorta Griff., an endangered conifer species listed by the IUCN. All specimens were identified as Octolasion tyrtaeum (Savigny), an exotic lumbricid earthworm of European origin. The distribution of O. tyrtaeum showed significant variation in mean density and biomass across north-, northeast-, and southwest-facing slopes. Principal Component Analysis revealed that litter thickness, soil moisture, and organic carbon content were the primary environmental variables influencing earthworm distribution. Pearson correlation analysis further supported significant positive relationships between earthworm abundance and factors such as soil moisture, organic carbon, canopy cover, and litter depth, while negative correlations were observed with pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature. Invasive earthworms like O. tyrtaeum can significantly affect ecosystems by altering plant diversity, soil properties, and nutrient cycling. The moist temperate forests of the Northwest Himalayas are increasingly vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, including deforestation and land-use changes. These stressors, combined with the spread of invasive O. tyrtaeum , pose a growing threat to native biodiversity and ecosystem stability. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted monitoring and conservation strategies to mitigate the ecological impacts of exotic earthworms in fragile Himalayan Forest ecosystems.

The existence of non-canonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5′-end capped RNAs is now well established. Nevertheless, the biological function of this nucleotide metabolite cap remains elusive. Here, we show that the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytoplasmic 5′-end exoribonuclease Xrn1 is also a NAD cap decapping (deNADding) enzyme that releases intact NAD and subsequently degrades the RNA. The significance of Xrn1 deNADding is evident in a deNADding deficient Xrn1 mutant that predominantly still retains its 5′-monophosphate exonuclease activity. This mutant reveals Xrn1 deNADding is necessary for normal growth on non-fermenting sugar and is involved in modulating mitochondrial NAD-capped RNA levels and may influence intramitochondrial NAD levels. Our findings uncover a contribution of mitochondrial NAD-capped RNAs in overall NAD regulation with the deNADding activity of Xrn1 fulfilling a central role. The cytoplasmic Xrn1 protein has long been established as the predominate 5′ to 3′ exoribonuclease that cleaves RNAs with an unprotected 5′ monophosphate end. Here the authors demonstrate Xrn1 can also degrade RNAs harboring the noncanonical nicotinamide adenine diphosphate (NAD) 5′ cap by removing the NAD cap and degrading the RNA.

Nowadays, rapid increases in anthropogenic activities have resulted in increased greenhouse gases (GHGs; CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O) release in the atmosphere, resulting in increased global mean temperature, aberrant precipitation patterns, and several other climate changes that affect ecological and human lives on this planet. This article reviews the adaptation and mitigation of climate change by assessing carbon capture, storage, and utilization by fruit crops. Perennial plants in forests, fruit orchards, and grasslands are efficient sinks of atmospheric carbon, whereas field crops are a great source of GHG due to soil disturbance, emission of CH 4 and/or N 2 O from burning straw, and field management involving direct (fuel) or indirect (chemicals) emissions from fossil fuels. Thus, there is a need to establish sustainable agricultural systems that can minimize emissions and are capable of sequestering carbon within the atmosphere. Fruit orchards and vineyards have great structural characteristics, such as long life cycle; permanent organs such as trunk, branches, and roots; null soil tillage (preserving soil organic matter); high quality and yield, which allow them to accumulate a significant amount of carbon. Hence, the fruit plants have significant potential to sequester carbon in the atmosphere. However, the efficiency of carbon sequestration by different fruit crops and their management systems may vary due to their growth and development patterns, physiological behavior, biomass accumulation, and environmental factors.

Ribosomes are essential nanomachines responsible for protein production. Although ribosomes are present in every living cell, ribosome biogenesis dysfunction diseases, called ribosomopathies, impact particular tissues specifically. Here, we evaluate the importance of the box C/D snoRNA-associated ribosomal RNA methyltransferase fibrillarin (Fbl) in the early embryonic development of Xenopus laevis . We report that in developing embryos, the neural plate, neural crest cells (NCCs), and NCC derivatives are rich in fbl transcripts. Fbl knockdown leads to striking morphological defects affecting the eyes and craniofacial skeleton, due to lack of NCC survival caused by massive p53-dependent apoptosis. Fbl is required for efficient pre-rRNA processing and 18S rRNA production, which explains the early developmental defects. Using RiboMethSeq, we systematically reinvestigated ribosomal RNA 2’-O methylation in X . laevis , confirming all 89 previously mapped sites and identifying 15 novel putative positions in 18S and 28S rRNA. Twenty-three positions, including 10 of the new ones, were validated orthogonally by low dNTP primer extension. Bioinformatic screening of the X . laevis transcriptome revealed candidate box C/D snoRNAs for all methylated positions. Mapping of 2’-O methylation at six developmental stages in individual embryos indicated a trend towards reduced methylation at specific positions during development. We conclude that fibrillarin knockdown in early Xenopus embryos causes reduced production of functional ribosomal subunits, thus impairing NCC formation and migration.

Box C/D snoRNAs are known to guide site-specific ribose methylation of ribosomal RNA. Here, we demonstrate a novel and unexpected role for box C/D snoRNAs in guiding 18S rRNA acetylation in yeast. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the acetylation of two cytosine residues in 18S rRNA catalyzed by Kre33 is guided by two orphan box C/D snoRNAs-snR4 and snR45 -not known to be involved in methylation in yeast. We identified Kre33 binding sites on these snoRNAs as well as on the 18S rRNA, and demonstrate that both snR4 and snR45 establish extended bipartite complementarity around the cytosines targeted for acetylation, similar to pseudouridylation pocket formation by the H/ACA snoRNPs. We show that base pairing between these snoRNAs and 18S rRNA requires the putative helicase activity of Kre33, which is also needed to aid early pre-rRNA processing. Compared to yeast, the number of orphan box C/D snoRNAs in higher eukaryotes is much larger and we hypothesize that several of these may be involved in base-modifications.

Several pathways modulating longevity and stress resistance converge on translation by targeting ribosomal proteins or initiation factors, but whether this involves modifications of ribosomal RNA is unclear. Here, we show that reduced levels of the conserved RNA methyltransferase NSUN5 increase the lifespan and stress resistance in yeast, worms and flies. Rcm1, the yeast homologue of NSUN5, methylates C2278 within a conserved region of 25S rRNA. Loss of Rcm1 alters the structural conformation of the ribosome in close proximity to C2278, as well as translational fidelity, and favours recruitment of a distinct subset of oxidative stress-responsive mRNAs into polysomes. Thus, rather than merely being a static molecular machine executing translation, the ribosome exhibits functional diversity by modification of just a single rRNA nucleotide, resulting in an alteration of organismal physiological behaviour, and linking rRNA-mediated translational regulation to modulation of lifespan, and differential stress response. Cellular pathways modulating longevity and stress resistance are known to affect protein translation. Here the authors show that the RNA methyltransferase, Nsun5, or its yeast homologue Rcm1, regulates lifespan of three different model organisms by modifying ribosomal RNA at a specific cytosine residue.

Pomato is the result of a combination of a tomato scion and a potato rootstock. This grafted combination is also acknowledged as a horticultural magic plant, a recombinant double harvest plant, or a chimeric double harvest plant. This type of plant could meet the need for proper vertical resource usage in the future, as urbanization is increasing rapidly and agricultural land is now becoming rare and expensive. Moreover, even though changes in the environment are the most substantial real limitation in vegetable production, this category of graft could be employed as an alternative strategy. Few reports on using somatic interbreeding to establish tomato-potato fusion hybrids have been available since the early 1900s. This strategy can be used again in the future to save time and convenience during labor-intensive procedures, as this plant can indeed be established through any other technique, instead of trying to make grafting and somatic combination the only reasonable alternatives. The grafted union of tomato and potato has indeed positively influenced output, reliability, hormone levels, signaling pathways, and mechanisms. This paper has been reviewed to gather all information available on the tomato plant to date, since there has been some experimentation over the past few decades.