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"Shaw, Philip A"
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Celebrating Easter, Christmas and their associated alien fauna
Easter and Christmas are the most important events in the Christian calendar. Despite their global reach and cultural significance, astonishingly little is known about the festivals' genesis. Equally obscure is our understanding of the animals that have come to be associated with these celebrations - notably the Christmas Turkey and the Easter 'Bunny' (brown hare and the European rabbit). Like Christianity, none of these animals are native to Britain and the timing and circumstances of their arrivals are poorly understood, often obfuscated by received wisdom. This paper firstly refines the bio-cultural histories of the species that, in contemporary Britain, form integral parts of Easter and Christmas festivities. Secondly, we celebrate the non-native species which have played such an important role in the creation of Britain's cultural heritage.
Journal Article
TELLING A HAWK FROM AN \HERODIO\: ON THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE OLD ENGLISH WORD \WEALHHAFOC\ AND ITS RELATIVES
[...]Suolahti treats valr as having the sense 'der Wälsche', a widely accepted interpretation.11 De Vries, in attempting to provide an etymology for valr, rejects the apparently transparent etymological relationship of the first element of the compound wealhhafoc with wealh 'foreigner', on the grounds that falcons are native to Scandinavia and would not, therefore, have been called 'foreign' in Old Norse.12 He prefers to derive valr from an Indo-European root *uel- 'reissen', interpreting the Old English word as the result of folk-etymological reshaping of a putative Old Norse *valhaukrP Rübekeil adopts this interpretation, but takes the slightly more cautious approach of treating the Old English form as reflecting 'volksetymologische Kontamination', without assuming that the Old English word need be a borrowing from Old Norse.14 De Vries's objection to falcons being termed 'foreign' in Scandinavia is implicitly countered by Magnússon in his suggestion that the original sense of valr was 'hawk which is sold abroad'.15 A rather different etymological theory is proposed by Kitson, who argues that Old Norse valr and the wealth of Old English malhhafoc derive from a Germanic word that is either cognate with or borrowed from the etymon of Welshgwalch.16 The putative Germanic *walha% 'falcon' would therefore be of very early origin in the Germanic languages.
Journal Article
The Role of Gender in Some Viking-Age Innovations in Personal Naming
This article argues that some innovations in Viking-Age personal naming practices reflect differing attitudes towards the naming of male and female children. Gender imbalances in a number of innovative personal name deuterothemes which exist in both male and female versions (the latter developing from the former) suggest that deuterothemes indexing pre-Christian religious life were much more frequently applied to female children. This contrasts with the use of the so- called theophoric protothemes, which were more commonly used in naming males.
Journal Article
Romantic Wars
Romantic Wars is a collection of eight specially commissioned essays focusing on the relations between British Romantic culture (poetry, fiction, painting, and non-fictional prose) and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Whilst in recent years much attention has been paid to the influence of the French Revolution on British Romanticism, comparatively little has been written about the effects of war. This book takes, as its central thesis, the idea that Romanticism is facilitated and conditioned by a culture of hostility. Whether this is manifested in Blakean visions of 'mental warfare', or in socio-historical reflections on the links between conflict and nationhood, the essays in this volume seek to correct a prevailing assumption that the culture of this period is unaffected by discourses of violence. Through a combination of individual case studies - detailed readings of warfare in Coleridge, Byron, Charlotte Smith and Austen - and wider-ranging survey discussions, including essays on the representation of the British sailor and war poetry by women, the book provides a timely reflection on the texts and contexts of the first 'Great War'. The book is aimed at literary specialists and historians working in the areas of Romanticism and European history. It will also appeal to general readers with an interest in early nineteenth-century writing and British culture.
Contents; Introduction, Philip Shaw; ’A few harmless Numbers’: British women poets and the climate of war, 1793-1815, Stephen C. Behrendt; The exiled self: images of war in Charlotte Smith’s ’The emigrants’, Jacqueline M. Labbe; The harsh delights of political duty: Thelwall, Coleridge, Wordsworth, 1795-99, David Collings; Duty and mutiny: the aesthetics of loyalty and the representation of the British sailor c. 1798-1800, Geoff Quilley; Invasion! Coleridge, the defence of Britain and the cultivation of the public’s fear, Mark Rawlinson; War romances, historical analogies and Coleridge’s Letter’s on the Spaniards, Diego Saglia; ’Of war and taking towns’: Byron’s siege poems, Simon Bainbridge; Leigh Hunt and the aesthetics of post-war liberalism, Philip Shaw; Marriage at the end of war, Eric C. Walker; Index.
eBook
Inducible Knockdown of Plasmodium Gene Expression Using the glmS Ribozyme
Conventional reverse genetic approaches for study of Plasmodium malaria parasite gene function are limited, or not applicable. Hence, new inducible systems are needed. Here we describe a method to control P. falciparum gene expression in which target genes bearing a glmS ribozyme in the 3' untranslated region are efficiently knocked down in transgenic P. falciparum parasites in response to glucosamine inducer. Using reporter genes, we show that the glmS ribozyme cleaves reporter mRNA in vivo leading to reduction in mRNA expression following glucosamine treatment. Glucosamine-induced ribozyme activation led to efficient reduction of reporter protein, which could be rapidly reversed by removing the inducer. The glmS ribozyme was validated as a reverse-genetic tool by integration into the essential gene and antifolate drug target dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS). Glucosamine treatment of transgenic parasites led to rapid and efficient knockdown of PfDHFR-TS mRNA and protein. PfDHFR-TS knockdown led to a growth/arrest mutant phenotype and hypersensitivity to pyrimethamine. The glmS ribozyme may thus be a tool for study of essential genes in P. falciparum and other parasite species amenable to transfection.
Journal Article
Transcriptomic complexity of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum revealed by long-read sequencing
The Plasmodium falciparum human malaria parasite genome is incompletely annotated and does not accurately represent the transcriptomic diversity of this species. To address this need, we performed long-read transcriptomic sequencing. 5′ capped mRNA was enriched from samples of total and nuclear-fractionated RNA from intra-erythrocytic stages and converted to cDNA library. The cDNA libraries were sequenced on PacBio and Nanopore long-read platforms. 12,495 novel isoforms were annotated from the data. Alternative 5′ and 3′ ends represent the majority of isoform events among the novel isoforms, with retained introns being the next most common event. The majority of alternative 5′ ends correspond to genomic regions with features similar to those of the reference transcript 5′ ends. However, a minority of alternative 5′ ends showed markedly different features, including locations within protein-coding regions. Alternative 3′ ends showed similar features to the reference transcript 3′ ends, notably adenine-rich termination signals. Distinguishing features of retained introns could not be observed, except for a tendency towards shorter length and greater GC content compared with spliced introns. Expression of antisense and retained intron isoforms was detected at different intra-erythrocytic stages, suggesting developmental regulation of these isoform events. To gain insights into the possible functions of the novel isoforms, their protein-coding potential was assessed. Variants of P . falciparum proteins and novel proteins encoded by alternative open reading frames suggest that P . falciparum has a greater proteomic repertoire than the current annotation. We provide a catalog of annotated transcripts and encoded alternative proteins to support further studies on gene and protein regulation of this pathogen.
Journal Article