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"Sheehan, D."
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The Civil War : the first year told by those who lived it
\" ... Drawn from letters, diaries, speeches, articles, poems, songs, military reports, legal opinions, and memoirs, 'The Civil War: The First Year' brings together over 120 pieces by more than sixty participants to create a unique firsthand narrative of this great historical crisis ...\"--Dust jacket flap.
Book
Deuterium-enriched water ties planet-forming disks to comets and protostars
Water is a fundamental molecule in the star and planet formation process, essential for catalysing the growth of solid material and the formation of planetesimals within disks
1
,
2
. However, the water snowline and the HDO:H
2
O ratio within proto-planetary disks have not been well characterized because water only sublimates at roughly 160 K (ref.
3
), meaning that most water is frozen out onto dust grains and that the water snowline radii are less than 10 AU (astronomical units)
4
,
5
. The sun-like protostar V883 Ori (M
*
= 1.3
M
⊙
)
6
is undergoing an accretion burst
7
, increasing its luminosity to roughly 200
L
⊙
(ref.
8
), and previous observations suggested that its water snowline is 40–120 AU in radius
6
,
9
,
10
. Here we report the direct detection of gas phase water (HDO and
H
2
18
O
) from the disk of V883 Ori. We measure a midplane water snowline radius of approximately 80 AU, comparable to the scale of the Kuiper Belt, and detect water out to a radius of roughly 160 AU. We then measure the HDO:H
2
O ratio of the disk to be (2.26 ± 0.63) × 10
−3
. This ratio is comparable to those of protostellar envelopes and comets, and exceeds that of Earth’s oceans by 3.1
σ
. We conclude that disks directly inherit water from the star-forming cloud and this water becomes incorporated into large icy bodies, such as comets, without substantial chemical alteration.
Direct detection of gas phase water from the disk of V883 Ori indicates that disks directly inherit water from the star-forming cloud that becomes incorporated into large icy bodies without notable chemical alteration.
Journal Article
Colonic microbiota is associated with inflammation and host epigenomic alterations in inflammatory bowel disease
Studies of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been inconclusive in relating microbiota with distribution of inflammation. We report microbiota, host transcriptomics, epigenomics and genetics from matched inflamed and non-inflamed colonic mucosa [50 Crohn’s disease (CD); 80 ulcerative colitis (UC); 31 controls]. Changes in community-wide and within-patient microbiota are linked with inflammation, but we find no evidence for a distinct microbial diagnostic signature, probably due to heterogeneous host-microbe interactions, and show only marginal microbiota associations with habitual diet. Epithelial DNA methylation improves disease classification and is associated with both inflammation and microbiota composition. Microbiota sub-groups are driven by dominant
Enterbacteriaceae
and
Bacteroides
species, representative strains of which are pro-inflammatory in vitro, are also associated with immune-related epigenetic markers. In conclusion, inflamed and non-inflamed colonic segments in both CD and UC differ in microbiota composition and epigenetic profiles.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to host-microbiota interactions. Here, the authors investigate mucosa-associated microbiota using endoscopically-targeted biopsies from inflamed and non-inflamed colon in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, finding associations with inflammation and host epigenomic alterations.
Journal Article
Expanding the international conversation with fathers’ mental health: toward an era of inclusion in perinatal research and practice
Abstract Paternal mental health is beginning to be recognized as an essential part of perinatal health. Historically, fathers were not recognized as being at risk for perinatal mental illnesses or relevant to maternal and infant health outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of paternal perinatal mental health, leading tools to assess paternal depression and anxiety, the impact of paternal mental health on mother and child health, and future directions for the field. An international team of paternal perinatal mental health experts summarized the key findings of the field. Fathers have an elevated risk of depression and anxiety disorders during the perinatal period that is associated with maternal depression and can impact their ability to support mothers. Paternal mental health is uniquely associated with child mental health and developmental outcomes starting from infancy and continuing through the child lifespan. Tailored screening approaches for paternal mental health are essential to support fathers early in the perinatal period, which would offset health risks for the family. Recommendations on paternal mental health are provided on four key areas to support father perinatal mental health: (1) intervention research, (2) clinical training, (3) national policy, and (4) the inclusion of fathers in the focus of the International Marcé Society for Perinatal Mental Health.
Journal Article
Direct evidence for magnetohydrodynamic disk winds driving rotating outflows in protostar HOPS 358
Angular momentum removal is a fundamental requirement for star and planet formation, yet the mechanisms driving this process remain debated. Magnetohydrodynamic disk winds, launched along magnetic field lines from extended disk regions, offer a promising solution, particularly in regions where magnetorotational turbulence is weak. Here we present high-resolution Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations of the Class 0 protostar HOPS 358, revealing a rotating, nested outflow structure traced by H
2
CO, SO, and CH
3
OH emission. The outflow preserves the disk’s rotational sense and is aligned with the disk axis, providing direct observational evidence for a magnetically launched disk wind. From the measured kinematics, we derive a dimensionless magnetic lever arm of approximately 2.3 and constrain the wind-launching region to radii of 10-18 astronomical units within the planet-forming zone. These results demonstrate that magnetohydrodynamic disk winds operate during the deeply embedded phase, efficiently extracting angular momentum while shaping disk evolution and establishing initial conditions for planet formation.
Understanding how young forming stars shed angular momentum is key to star formation. Here, the authors show that a rotating outflow from a deeply embedded protostar is driven by a magnetically launched disk wind that removes angular momentum by ejecting material across a broad range of disk radii.
Journal Article
Inhibiting endocytosis in CGRP+ nociceptors attenuates inflammatory pain-like behavior
The advantage of locally applied anesthetics is that they are not associated with the many adverse effects, including addiction liability, of systemically administered analgesics. This therapeutic approach has two inherent pitfalls: specificity and a short duration of action. Here, we identified nociceptor endocytosis as a promising target for local, specific, and long-lasting treatment of inflammatory pain. We observed preferential expression of AP2α2, an α-subunit isoform of the AP2 complex, within CGRP
+
/IB4
-
nociceptors in rodents and in CGRP
+
dorsal root ganglion neurons from a human donor. We utilized genetic and pharmacological approaches to inhibit nociceptor endocytosis demonstrating its role in the development and maintenance of acute and chronic inflammatory pain. One-time injection of an AP2 inhibitor peptide significantly reduced acute and chronic pain-like behaviors and provided prolonged analgesia. We evidenced sexually dimorphic recovery responses to this pharmacological approach highlighting the importance of sex differences in pain development and response to analgesics.
The authors show the endocytotic adaptor subunit called AP2A2 is differentially expressed in CGRP
+
nociceptors. Locally inhibiting nociceptor endocytosis with a lipidated AP2 inhibitor peptide reduces acute and chronic pain-like behaviour in mice and rats, indicating prolonged analgesia.
Journal Article
A Self-Charging Concentration Cell: Theory
Batteries are a key resource in the quest for sustainable energy. Here, the theoretical basis is presented for a new type of electrochemical concentration cell that might contribute to this enterprise. The cell, which has been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory, incorporates a chemically asymmetric membrane to drive anisotropic diffusion between two solution chambers; the resulting concentration difference powers the cell. In this study, the membrane’s operation is validated via three theoretical approaches: (i) traditional equilibrium thermodynamics; (ii) balancing drift and diffusion current densities; and (iii) the time-independent diffusion equation. The physical criteria for its operation are developed and its dimensionless variables identified. The cell’s maximum instantaneous power density might exceed 107 W/m3. Its self-charging capability should confer multiple advantages over traditional concentration cells (as well as over some voltaics), including improved thermodynamic efficiency, economy, and compactness. Commonalities with other electrochemical systems (e.g., liquid chromatography, metal corrosion, and solid state diodes) are discussed, and a physical instantiation of the cell is reviewed. Recent numerical simulations corroborate its essential processes.
Journal Article
The autism and schizophrenia associated gene CYFIP1 is critical for the maintenance of dendritic complexity and the stabilization of mature spines
Copy number variation (CNV) at the 15q11.2 region has been identified as a significant risk locus for neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the individual roles for genes at this locus in nervous system development, function and connectivity remain poorly understood. Haploinsufficiency of one gene in this region,
Cyfip1
, may provide a model for 15q11.2 CNV-associated neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Here we show that altering CYFIP1 expression levels in neurons both
in vitro
and
in vivo
influences dendritic complexity, spine morphology, spine actin dynamics and synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor lateral diffusion. CYFIP1 is highly enriched at synapses and its overexpression
in vitro
leads to increased dendritic complexity. Neurons derived from
Cyfip1
heterozygous animals on the other hand, possess reduced dendritic complexity, increased mobile F-actin and enhanced GluA2-containing AMPA receptor mobility at synapses. Interestingly,
Cyfip1
overexpression or haploinsufficiency increased immature spine number, whereas activity-dependent changes in spine volume were occluded in
Cyfip1
haploinsufficient neurons.
In vivo
,
Cyfip1
heterozygous animals exhibited deficits in dendritic complexity as well as an altered ratio of immature-to-mature spines in hippocampal CA1 neurons. In summary, we provide evidence that dysregulation of CYFIP1 expression levels leads to pathological changes in CNS maturation and neuronal connectivity, both of which may contribute to the development of the neurological symptoms seen in ASD and SCZ.
Journal Article
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as targets for antidepressants
While the monoamine deficiency hypothesis of depression is still most commonly used to explain the actions of antidepressant drugs, a growing body of evidence has accumulated that is not adequately explained by the hypothesis. This article draws attention to contributions from another apparently common pharmacological property of antidepressant medications--the inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Evidence is presented suggesting the hypercholinergic neurotransmission, which is associated with depressed mood states, may be mediated through excessive neuronal nicotinic receptor activation and that the therapeutic actions of many antidepressants may be, in part, mediated through inhibition of these receptors. In support of this hypothesis, preliminary evidence is presented suggesting that the potent, centrally acting nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine, which is devoid of monoamine reuptake inhibition, may reduce symptoms of depression and mood instability in patients with comorbid depression and bipolar disorder. If this hypothesis is supported by further preclinical and clinical research, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists may represent a novel class of therapeutic agents for treating mood disorders.
Journal Article