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الأساطير الصينية
يجمع الكتاب المعطيات المفترقة في المؤلفات القديمة الصينية وترتب الأساطير المعينة في المكان المناسب مما يشكل نظام متفق مع سرد الأساطير العادية لتسهيل القراءة للأساطير الصينية الوفيرة بشكل عام. ويتميز الكتاب بتنظيم المواد التاريخية، وتجميع الحكايات، وإنشاء الهيكل العام لتاريخ الأساطير الصينية. من ناحية أخرى، يقارن بينها وبين الأساطير الغربية (خاصة اليونانية)، ويعرض كل منها على حدة. صدر الكتاب ضمن سلسلة «الصين الثقافية».
BOOK
Dung beetle optimizer: a new meta-heuristic algorithm for global optimization
In this paper, a novel population-based technique called dung beetle optimizer (DBO) algorithm is presented, which is inspired by the ball-rolling, dancing, foraging, stealing, and reproduction behaviors of dung beetles. The newly proposed DBO algorithm takes into account both the global exploration and the local exploitation, thereby having the characteristics of the fast convergence rate and the satisfactory solution accuracy. A series of well-known mathematical test functions (including both 23 benchmark functions and 29 CEC-BC-2017 test functions) are employed to evaluate the search capability of the DBO algorithm. From the simulation results, it is observed that the DBO algorithm presents substantially competitive performance with the state-of-the-art optimization approaches in terms of the convergence rate, solution accuracy, and stability. In addition, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Friedman test are used to evaluate the experimental results of the algorithms, which proves the superiority of the DBO algorithm against other currently popular optimization techniques. In order to further illustrate the practical application potential, the DBO algorithm is successfully applied in three engineering design problems. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed DBO algorithm can effectively deal with real-world application problems.
Journal Article
A novel swarm intelligence optimization approach: sparrow search algorithm
In this paper, a novel swarm optimization approach, namely sparrow search algorithm (SSA), is proposed inspired by the group wisdom, foraging and anti-predation behaviours of sparrows. Experiments on 19 benchmark functions are conducted to test the performance of the SSA and its performance is compared with other algorithms such as grey wolf optimizer (GWO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Simulation results show that the proposed SSA is superior over GWO, PSO and GSA in terms of accuracy, convergence speed, stability and robustness. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed SSA is demonstrated in two practical engineering examples.
Journal Article
Acute and chronic pouchitis—pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment
Around 50% of patients with ulcerative colitis who undergo ileal pouch–anal anastomosis develop at least one episode of pouchitis. In this Review, Bo Shen describes the aetiology and pathogenesis of pouchitis, particularly the role of dysbiosis and
Clostridium difficile
infection. Risk factors, clinical features, disease courses and prognoses of pouchitis are discussed, as well as the diagnosis and management of patients with 'conventional' pouchitis and systemic immune-mediated disorders associated with pouchitis.
Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis has become the procedure of choice for the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis who require surgical treatment. Pouchitis, the most common long-term complication of the procedure, involves a spectrum of disease processes with heterogeneous risk factors, clinical features, disease courses and prognoses. In addition, clinical symptoms of pouchitis are not specific and often overlap with those of other inflammatory and functional pouch disorders, such as Crohn's disease of the pouch and irritable pouch syndrome. Pouchoscopy and biopsy, along with laboratory and radiographic evaluations, are often required for accurate diagnosis in patients with symptoms indicative of pouchitis. Dysbiosis has been implicated as a triggering factor for pouchitis, and concurrent infection with pathogens, such as
Clostridium difficile
, might contribute to disease relapse and exacerbation. Antibiotic therapy is the main treatment modality. However, the management of antibiotic-dependent and antibiotic-refractory pouchitis remains challenging. Secondary causes of pouchitis, such as ischaemia, NSAID use, the presence of concurrent primary sclerosing cholangitis and other systemic immune-mediated disorders, should be evaluated and properly managed.
Key Points
Pouchitis comprises a spectrum of disease, ranging from antibiotic-responsive forms to antibiotic-refractory entities, which involve various aetiological and pathogenetic pathways and have differing clinical presentations, disease courses and prognoses
Relapsing or chronic forms of pouchitis are also emerging
Dysbiosis (quantitative and/or qualitative alterations of the pouch microbiota) has a key role in the initiation and progression of pouchitis
Concurrent infections (such as
Clostridium difficile
) and other triggering factors (such as NSAID use) should be identified and treated or eradicated
Antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment for pouchitis
Journal Article
Interventional IBD: The Role of Endoscopist in the Multidisciplinary Team Management of IBD
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been traditionally managed by IBD medical doctors or IBDologists and colorectal surgeons. Complications related to IBD and IBD surgery, such as stricture, fistula, and abscess, are common. For the past decade, endoscopic therapy has emerged as a valid treatment option for those complications. Endoscopic therapy provides more effective therapy for those structural complications than medical treatment, while being a less invasive approach than surgery. Endoscopic therapy plays a growing role in bridging medical and surgical therapies and is becoming an important component in the multidisciplinary approach to complex IBD. In fact, endoscopic therapy has become the treatment of choice for anastomotic stricture and anastomotic sinus. The role of endoscopic resection of colitis-associated neoplasia is currently being explored. Interventional IBD is intellectually and technically challenging. We are calling for proper teaching and training of our next generation of IBD interventionists.
Journal Article
Divergent synthesis of N-heterocycles via controllable cyclization of azido-diynes catalyzed by copper and gold
Gold-catalyzed intermolecular alkyne oxidation by an N–O bond oxidant has proven to be a powerful method in organic synthesis during the past decade, because this approach would enable readily available alkynes as precursors in generating α-oxo gold carbenes. Among those, gold-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of dialkynes has received particular attention as this chemistry offers great potential to build structurally complex cyclic molecules. However, these alkyne oxidations have been mostly limited to noble metal catalysts, and, to our knowledge, non-noble metal-catalyzed reactions such as diyne oxidations have not been reported. Herein, we disclose a copper-catalyzed oxidative diyne cyclization, allowing the facile synthesis of a wide range of valuable pyrrolo[3,4-
c
]quinolin-1-ones. Interestingly, by employing the same starting materials, the gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization leads to the divergent formation of synthetically useful pyrrolo[2,3-
b
]indoles. Furthermore, the proposed mechanistic rationale for these cascade reactions is strongly supported by both control experiments and theoretical calculations.
Fused
N
-heterocycles are structural motifs observed in natural products and bioactive compounds. Here, the authors developed divergent copper- and gold-catalyzed oxidative cyclizations of diynes to two types of tricyclic
N
-heterocycles and rationalized the product selectivity by theoretical calculations.
Journal Article
Endoscopic Stricturotomy Versus Balloon Dilation in the Treatment of Anastomotic Strictures in Crohn's Disease
Abstract
Background
Current treatment modalities for anastomotic stricture in Crohn's disease (CD) include endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) and surgery. We recently published a case series of inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with the novel endoscopic stricturotomy (ES). The aim of this case-control study was to compare the efficacy and safety of ES versus conventional EBD in the treatment of anastomotic strictures in CD patients.
Methods
All eligible patients with CD anastomotic stricture who were treated with ES or EBD were included. The primary outcomes were surgery-free survival and post-procedural complications.
Results
A total of 185 patients were studied, including 21 treated with ES since 2009, and 164 treated with EBD since 1998. The immediate technical success after therapy was achieved in 100% of patients treated with ES and 89.5% of patients with EBD. Symptomatic and endoscopic improvement rates were higher in those treated with ES than EBD. Subsequent surgery was needed in 2 (9.5%) patients with ES and 55 (33.5%) with EBD (P = 0.03), during a median of 0.8 (interquartile range [IQR]:0.1-1.6) year and 4.0 (IQR: 0.8-6.9) years, respectively. Five procedure-associated perforation (1.1% per procedure) occurred in the EBD group and none in the ES group. In contrast, 4 procedure-associated, transfusion-required bleeding (8.8% per procedure) occurred in the ES group and none in the EBD group.
Conclusions
ES appears to be more effective in treating CD patients with anastomotic stricture than EBD. Although ES may have a lower risk for perforation, the procedure needs to be perfected to reduce its bleeding risk.
Journal Article
Cancer-associated fibroblasts and resistance to anticancer therapies: status, mechanisms, and countermeasures
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are critical components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) with diverse functions such as extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, modulation of metabolism and angiogenesis, and crosstalk with both cancer cells and infiltrating immune cells by production of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Within the TME milieu, CAFs exhibit morphological and functional transitions with relatively specific markers and hold tremendous potential to facilitate tumorigenesis, development, and resistance towards multiple therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, anti-angiogenesis therapy, immunotherapy, and endocrine therapy. Accordingly, CAFs themselves and the downstream effectors and/or signaling pathways are potential targets for optimizing the sensitivity of anti-cancer therapies. This review aims to provide a detailed landscape of the role that CAFs play in conferring therapeutic resistance in different cancers and the underlying mechanisms. The translational and therapeutic perspectives of CAFs in the individualized treatment of malignant tumors are also discussed.
Journal Article
A net-zero emissions strategy for China’s power sector using carbon-capture utilization and storage
Decarbonized power systems are critical to mitigate climate change, yet methods to achieve a reliable and resilient near-zero power system are still under exploration. This study develops an hourly power system simulation model considering high-resolution geological constraints for carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage to explore the optimal solution for a reliable and resilient near-zero power system. This is applied to 31 provinces in China by simulating 10,450 scenarios combining different electricity storage durations and interprovincial transmission capacities, with various shares of abated fossil power with carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage. Here, we show that allowing up to 20% abated fossil fuel power generation in the power system could reduce the national total power shortage rate by up to 9.0 percentages in 2050 compared with a zero fossil fuel system. A lowest-cost scenario with 16% abated fossil fuel power generation in the system even causes 2.5% lower investment costs in the network (or $16.8 billion), and also increases system resilience by reducing power shortage during extreme climatic events.
This study indicates that allowing up to 20% abated fossil fuel in China’s power generation system could reduce the power shortage rate by up to 9% in 2050, and increase system resilience during weather events relative to a zero fossil fuel system.
Journal Article
Nonlinear Feedback in a Five-Dimensional Lorenz Model
In this study, based on the number of modes, the original three-dimensional Lorenz model (3DLM) is generalized with two additional modes [five-dimensional Lorenz model (5DLM)] to examine their role in the predictability of the numerical solutions and to understand the underlying processes that increase the solution stability. As a result of the simplicity of the 5DLM with respect to existing generalized Lorenz models (LMs), the author is able to obtain the analytical solutions of its critical points and identify the role of the major nonlinear term in the solution’s stability, which have previously not been documented in the literature. The nonlinear Jacobian terms of the governing equations are analyzed to highlight the importance of selecting new modes for extending the nonlinear feedback loop of the 3DLM and thus effectively increasing the degree of nonlinearity (i.e., the nonlinear mode–mode interactions) in the 5DLM. It is then shown that numerical solutions in the 5DLM require a larger normalized Rayleigh number r for the onset of chaos and are more predictable than those in the 3DLM when r is between 25 and 40 and the Prandtl number σ is 10. The improved predictability is attributable to the negative nonlinear feedback enabled by the new modes. The role of the (negative) nonlinear feedback is further verified using a revised 3DLM with a parameterized nonlinear eddy dissipative term. The finding of the increased stability in the 5DLM and revised 3DLM with respect to the 3DLM is confirmed with the linear stability analysis and the analysis of the Lyapunov exponents using different values of r and σ. To further understand the impact of an additional heating term, results from the 5DLM and a higher-dimensional LM [e.g., the six-dimensional LM (6DLM)] are analyzed and compared.
Journal Article