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Vapor chambers (VCs) are efficient heat spreaders that rely on wicks to realize the circulation of a phase-changing working liquid and can be used to address heat dissipation problems in electronic devices, aerospace, and satellite equipment. In this study, we propose a novel vapor chamber with biomimetic wick structures and composite lattice supports to enhance the thermal management and load-bearing performance of vapor chambers. The experiments and COMSOL multiphysics 6.1 simulation results indicate that the biomimetic design can improve the startup performance, thermal management, and load-bearing performance of the VC. Compared to conventional VCs, at a filling ratio of 20% the biomimetic VC reduces the time to reach a steady state by 11.7% and improves the uniformity of temperature by 7.74%. This study provides a novel design concept for VCs and verifies the operating performance of vapor in high heat flux density cases, providing a reference for the innovative design and enhanced heat transfer of phase change-based thermal management equipment.

The unique properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), such as size, surface charge, and the ability to release silver ions, contribute to DNA damage, inducing of oxidative stress, and apoptosis in cancer cells. Thus, the potential application of AgNPs in the field of biomedicine, and cancer therapy are rapidly increasing day by day. Therefore, in this study, AgNPs were synthesized by extract of Chuanminshen violaceum, and then the synthesized CM-AgNPs were fully characterized. The biological activity of CM-AgNPs was investigated for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. The cytotoxic activity of CM-AgNPs was tested for various kinds of cancer cells including MKN45 gastric cancer cells, HCT116 human colon cancer cells, A549 human lung cancer cells, and HepG2 liver cancer cells. Among these cancer cells, the induced apoptosis activity of CM-AgNPs on HCT116 cancer cells was better and was used for further investigation. Besides, the CM-AgNPs exhibited great antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with 50% free radical scavenging activity, and CM-AgNPs also showed a significant antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thus, our pilot data demonstrated that the green synthesis of CM-AgNPs would be considered a good candidate for the treatment of HCT116 cancer cells, with its strong antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects.

In this paper, the ESD protection circuit for p-GaN gate HEMTs with bidirectional clamp is proposed and investigated. ESD clamp circuits consist of several forward diodes in serials and a reverse diode. During the ESD pulse, a discharging channel in the proposed ESD clamp is built and the gate to source voltage for p-GaN HEMTs is clamped at safety value. Based on the experimental verification, the proposed ESD clamps have bidirectional protection functionality by being triggered by a required voltage and exhibit a high secondary breakdown current in both forward and reverse transient ESD events. Meanwhile, the proposed ESD clamp circuit can decrease the power loss in a static state.

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been confirmed to be efficient and green solvent for treatment of cellulosic biomass toward subsequent bioprocess. However, few attempts have been made to use mixed ILs as solvent to treat cellulose. In order to expand the scope of IL and mixed ILs used for cellulose treatment, we developed mixed ionic liquids as reagent to treat cellulose. Subsequently, the treated cellulose and treatment process were assessed by measuring the indexes of cellulose in and after treatment process. As a result, mixed ILs combination 1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphate ([DMIM][DMP]) and 1-ethyl-3-ethylimidazoliumbisulfate ([EMIM][HSO 4 ]) were selected as a candidate reagent for cellulose treatment. Unlike some other studies, not only outermost surface of cellulose was changed, but structure of cellulose was destroyed and converted into 3–6 μm particles, resulting in almost complete enzymatic hydrolysis of treated cellulose within 12 h. In addition, the initial rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose treated by candidate mixed ILs was 56.3 times that of water-treated cellulose (control). It was demonstrated that intact structure of cellulose was destroyed by mixed ionic liquids treatment and resulted in a new framework that greatly improved enzymatic hydrolysis, which opened a new way for efficient enzyme conversion of cellulosic biomass.

The breakdown characteristics of ultra-thin gate oxide MOS capacitors fabricated in 65 nm CMOS technology under constant voltage stress and substrate hot-carrier injection are investigated. Compared to normal thick gate oxide, the degradation mechanism of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of ultra-thin gate oxide is found to be different. It is found that the gate current ( I g ) of ultra-thin gate oxide MOS capacitor is more likely to be induced not only by Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) tunneling electrons, but also by electrons surmounting barrier and penetrating electrons in the condition of constant voltage stress. Moreover it is shown that the time to breakdown ( t b d ) under substrate hot-carrier injection is far less than that under constant voltage stress when the failure criterion is defined as a hard breakdown according to the experimental results. The TDDB mechanism of ultra-thin gate oxide will be detailed. The differences in TDDB characteristics of MOS capacitors induced by constant voltage stress and substrate hot-carrier injection will be also discussed.

Excessive salinity is a major non‐biological stressor that hinders plant development and reduces agricultural productivity. In rice, a jacalin‐related mannose‐binding lectin (OsMBL1) is known to be a canonical salt‐responsive factor, but its biological function and regulatory mechanism in response to salt stress remain unclear. In the current study, we show that OsMBL1 is a positive regulator of salt tolerance in rice plants. The OsMBL1 knock out (KO) lines had lower survival rates and higher H2O2 levels under salinity stress than did the WT (wild type), whereas the OsMBL1 overexpression lines presented a positive regulatory phenotype opposite to that of mbl1 lines. Interestingly, heterologous overexpression of OsMBL1 also conferred salt tolerance to Solanum lycopersicum, Brassica napus, and Arabidopsis. A RING E3 ubiquitin ligase, OsRMT1, was screened by Y2H, and its physical interaction with OsMBL1 was then verified both in vivo and in vitro. Knocking out the expression of OsRMT1 enhanced salt tolerance, while overexpressing OsRMT1 decreased it. Further examination revealed that OsRMT1 negatively regulates salt tolerance by degrading OsMBL1 in a process mediated by ubiquitination. Moreover, genetic analyses confirmed that OsRMT1 operates as an upstream factor of OsMBL1. At the same time, the experiments further revealed that OsRMT1 might affect the interaction between OsMBL1 and OsERF040 by degrading OsMBL1, thereby influencing the expression of downstream salt‐tolerant genes. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the OsRMT1‐OsMBL1 regulatory module is essential in the rice response to salt stress.

This study innovatively combines the cyclic catalytic pyrolysis system (CCPS) with a circular pipe device, using biochar from potato peels (PP) and pig manure (PM) to passivate Cd and Pb in the soil, and explores the influencing mechanisms via multiple methods. Results showed that in aqueous adsorption, biochar from the CCPS performed better, with the potato peel-based biochar produced via the cyclic catalytic pyrolysis system (PPB-2) achieving 100% removal of Cd2+ and Pb2+ within 100–270 min. In the soil remediation experiment using a ring pipe setup, pig manure-based biochar produced via the cyclic catalytic pyrolysis system (PMB-2) exhibited superior performance, reducing Cd concentration from 22.36 mg/kg to 11.21 mg/kg (49.87% removal) and Pb concentration from 718.28 mg/kg to 400.09 mg/kg (44.3% removal) after 40 days. This confirms that the PM-derived biochar prepared by CCPS is more suitable for the remediation of cadmium- and lead-contaminated soils, providing a reference for research on soil heavy metal passivation. Notably, the raw materials (PP and PM) are low-cost, locally abundant agricultural wastes, enabling resource recycling and lowering large-scale application costs. The ring pipe encapsulation further simplifies operational procedures for practical promotion while avoiding direct biochar–soil contact and mitigating secondary pollution risks.

The “Warburg effect”, a hallmark of Osteosarcoma(OS), results in lactate accumulation due to aerobic glycolysis. The role and underlying mechanisms of lactate in OS are not well understood. Herein, the lactate‐activated hydroxycarboxylate receptor 1(HCAR1) is found to promote OS progression via inhibiting the transcription of anti‐oncogene downstream of STAT1/2. The phosphorylation level of STAT1/2 holds considerable significance for transcriptional activity. In this study, protein phosphatase 2A(PP2A) is identified as the tyrosine phosphatase of STAT1/2. Lactate‐activated HCAR1, facilitating PP2A interaction with phosphorylated STAT1/2 via β‐Arrestin 2, resulting in STAT1/2 dephosphorylation, a key process linked to the aggressive behavior of OS. Using PP2A inhibitor Endothall can abolish the dephosphorylation effect of HCAR1 on STAT1/2, inhibit cancer cell proliferation, migration, and cell cycle, and promote apoptosis. Moreover, the combination of Endothall and Cisplatin is high synergistic in treating OS. In conclusion, the study elucidates the pro‐oncogenic role of lactate‐activated HCAR1 in OS. In the present study, it is found that in osteosarcoma, lactate‐activated HCAR1 promotes β‐arrestin 2 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. In the nucleus, β‐arrestin 2 recruits PP2A to the activated STAT1/2 dimers, mediating STAT1/2 dephosphorylation and inhibiting the transcription of downstream anti‐oncogenes to promote OS progression.

In the implementation phase of the Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland (CCFG) project in China, it is important, from a scientific point of view, to recognize phytocommunities' characteristics, species compatibility, and ecological function. The ecological niche that roots occupy, their abundance and distribution, and the factors that affect them must be acknowledged. Following the methodology of community ecology, the total root mass of a phytocommunity is measured as cubic volume. Root biomass, length, and the number of roots in every diameter class, for each soil layer and for each plant species, are regarded as observation variables. In the first instance therefore, a new method to calculate the root ecological niche index (RENI) is proposed, embracing the entire phytocommunity of plantations. Using the new method, the roots of phytocommunities in Datong County, Qinghai Province (one of the counties selected for the national CCFG experiment), are dealt with in this paper. The results show that most of the vertical distributions of plant roots belong to the type wherein the roots are concentrated in the topsoil layer (0-20 cm), far more than those in the lower soil layers. The RENI of phytocommunities is higher than that of pure stands or monocultures. The distribution of RENI by root diameter can be divided into four types: J-type, inverse J-type, recumbent S-type, and U-type. RENI is positively correlated with the wet biomass of aboveground level stems, branches, and plant leaves, and with the species richness of phytocommunities. Although the RENIs of plantations in rehabilitated fields are a little lower than those of natural forests, they are higher than those of cultivated crops. The RENIs of three community types (Picea crassifolia + Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, H. rhamnoides ssp. sinensis, and P. crassifolia) in rehabilitated fields benefit greatly from the restoration project. The implementation of the CCFG project is important for the increase in RENI and the multiple functions of plant roots.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR) conveys the cross-membrane signalling of a vast variety of bile acids and is a signalling hub in the liver–bile acid–microbiota–metabolism axis 1 – 3 . Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of GPBAR–G s complexes stabilized by either the high-affinity P395 4 or the semisynthesized bile acid derivative INT-777 1 , 3 at 3 Å resolution. These structures revealed a large oval pocket that contains several polar groups positioned to accommodate the amphipathic cholic core of bile acids, a fingerprint of key residues to recognize diverse bile acids in the orthosteric site, a putative second bile acid-binding site with allosteric properties and structural features that contribute to bias properties. Moreover, GPBAR undertakes an atypical mode of activation and G protein coupling that features a different set of key residues connecting the ligand-binding pocket to the G s -coupling site, and a specific interaction motif that is localized in intracellular loop 3. Overall, our study not only reveals unique structural features of GPBAR that are involved in bile acid recognition and allosteric effects, but also suggests the presence of distinct connecting mechanisms between the ligand-binding pocket and the G-protein-binding site in the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Using cryo-electron microscopy, the authors report the structures of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor–G s complexes and reveal the structural basis of bile acid recognition.