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Defect-induced non-radiative losses are currently limiting the performance of hybrid perovskite devices. Experimental reports have indicated the existence of point defects that act as detrimental non-radiative recombination centres under iodine-poor synthesis conditions. However, the microscopic nature of these defects is still unknown. Here we demonstrate that hydrogen vacancies can be present in high densities under iodine-poor conditions in the prototypical hybrid perovskite MAPbI 3 (MA = CH 3 NH 3 ). They act as very efficient non-radiative recombination centres with an exceptionally high carrier capture coefficient of 10 −4  cm 3  s −1 . By contrast, the hydrogen vacancies in FAPbI 3 [FA = CH(NH 2 ) 2 ] are much more difficult to form and have a capture coefficient that is three orders of magnitude lower. Our study unveils the critical but overlooked role of hydrogen vacancies in hybrid perovskites and rationalizes why FA is essential for realizing high efficiency in hybrid perovskite solar cells. Minimizing the incorporation of hydrogen vacancies is key to enabling the best performance of hybrid perovskites. First-principles calculations reveal that hydrogen vacancies induce non-radiative losses in methylammonium lead iodide perovskites synthesized under iodine-poor conditions, whereas they are less detrimental in formamidinium-based hybrid perovskites.

Despite intense research in past decades, the lack of high-performance catalysts for fuel cell reactions remains a challenge in realizing fuel cell technologies for transportation applications. Here we report a facile strategy for synthesizing hierarchical platinum-cobalt nanowires with high-index, platinum-rich facets and ordered intermetallic structure. These structural features enable unprecedented performance for the oxygen reduction and alcohol oxidation reactions. The specific/mass activities of the platinum-cobalt nanowires for oxygen reduction reaction are 39.6/33.7 times higher than commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. Density functional theory simulations reveal that the active threefold hollow sites on the platinum-rich high-index facets provide an additional factor in enhancing oxygen reduction reaction activities. The nanowires are stable in the electrochemical conditions and also thermally stable. This work may represent a key step towards scalable production of high-performance platinum-based nanowires for applications in catalysis and energy conversion. Platinum-based nanowires are promising for fuel cell applications due to their high catalytic activity. Here the authors report on hierarchical platinum-cobalt nanowires with high-index facets showing specific/mass activities for oxygen reduction reaction 39.6/33.7 times higher than commercial Pt/C catalyst.

Fluorescent‐magneto nanoemitters have gained considerable attention for their applications in mechanical controlling‐assisted optical signaling. However, the incompatibility between magnetic and fluorescent components often leads to functional limitations in traditional magneto@fluorescence nanostructure. Herein, we introduce a new compact‐discrete spatial arrangement on a “fluorescence@magneto” core–shell nanostructure consisting of a close‐packed aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) core and a discrete magnetic shell. This structural design effectively eliminates the optical and magnetic interferences between the dual components by facilitating AIEgens loading in core region and reducing the magnetic feeding amount through effective exposure of the magnetic units. Thereby, the resulting magneto‐AIEgen nanoparticle (MANP) demonstrates “win‐win” performances: (i) high fluorescent intensity contributed by AIEgens stacking‐enhanced photoluminescence and reduced photons loss from the meager magnetic shell; (ii) marked magnetic activity due to magneto extraposition‐minimized magnetic shielding. Accordingly, the dual functions‐retained MANP provides a proof of concept for construction of an immunochromatographic sensing platform, where it enables bright fluorescent labeling after magnetically enriching and separating procalcitonin and lipoarabinomannan in clinical human serum and urine, respectively, for the clinical diagnosis of bacterial infections‐caused inflammation and tuberculosis. This study not only inspires the rational design of magnetic‐fluorescent nanoemitter but also highlights promising potential in magneto‐assisted point‐of‐care test and biomedicine applications. A new compact‐discrete spatial arrangement is introduced on a “fluorescence@magneto” core‐shell nanostructure with a close‐packed AIEgen core and a meager magnetic shell. The rational design endows the magneto‐AIE nanoparticle (MANP) with “win‐win” performances: highly retained fluorescent intensity and remarkedly enhanced magnetic activity. The MANP demonstrates great potential in ultrasensitive point‐of‐care bacterial infection diagnosis on the immunochromatographic assay platform.

Future lithium (Li) energy storage technologies, in particular solid-state configurations with a Li metal anode, opens up the possibility of using cathode materials that do not necessarily contain Li in its as-made state. To accelerate the discovery and design of such materials, we develop a general, chemically, and structurally agnostic methodology for identifying the optimal Li sites in any crystalline material. For a given crystal structure, we attempt multiple Li insertions at symmetrically in-equivalent positions by analyzing the electronic charge density obtained from first-principles density functional theory. In this report, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure in successfully identifying the positions of the Li ion in well-known cathode materials using only the empty host (charged) material as guidance. Furthermore, applying the algorithm to over 2000 candidate cathode empty host materials we obtain statistics of Li site preferences to guide future developments of novel Li-ion cathode materials, particularly for solid-state applications.

The study of traditional medicine has garnered significant interest, resulting in various research areas including chemical composition analysis, pharmacological research, clinical application, and quality control. The abundance of available data has made databases increasingly essential for researchers to manage the vast amount of information and explore new drugs. In this article we provide a comprehensive overview and summary of 182 databases that are relevant to traditional medicine research, including 73 databases for chemical component analysis, 70 for pharmacology research, and 39 for clinical application and quality control from published literature (2000–2023). The review categorizes the databases by functionality, offering detailed information on websites and capacities to facilitate easier access. Moreover, this article outlines the primary function of each database, supplemented by case studies to aid in database selection. A practical test was conducted on 68 frequently used databases using keywords and functionalities, resulting in the identification of highlighted databases. This review serves as a reference for traditional medicine researchers to choose appropriate databases and also provides insights and considerations for the function and content design of future databases.

Scattering hyperspectral technology is a nondestructive testing method with many advantages. Here, we propose a method to improve the accuracy of egg freshness, research the influence of incident angles of light source on the accuracy, and explain its mechanism. A variety of weak classifiers classify eggs based on the spectra after preprocessing and feature wavelength extraction to obtain three classifiers with the highest accuracy. The three classifiers are used as metamodels of stacking ensemble learning to improve the highest accuracy from 96.25% to 100%. Moreover, the highest accuracy of scattering, reflection, transmission, and mixed hyperspectral of eggs are 100.00%, 88.75%, 95.00%, and 96.25%, respectively, indicating that the scattering hyperspectral for egg freshness detection is better than that of the others. In addition, the accuracy is inversely proportional to the angle of incidence, i.e., the smaller the incident angle, the camera collects a larger proportion of scattering light, which contains more biochemical parameters of an egg than that of reflection and transmission. These results are very important for improving the accuracy of non-destructive testing and for selecting the incident angle of a light source, and they have potential applications for online non-destructive testing.

Neutrophil elastase (Elane) is upregulated in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and has the capacity to promote disease progression. However, the mechanism by which Elane promotes MAFLD development remains unclear. Ferroptosis, which is an iron-dependent nonapoptotic form of cell death characterized by the iron-induced accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been recently considered as an important mechanism for the development of MAFLD. In this study, we used mice of Elane-knockout (Elane-KO) and wild-type (WT), and their primary mouse hepatocytes to establish MAFLD models in vivo and vitro for elucidating the role of Elane in ferroptosis of hepatocytes and MAFLD development. Elane-KO in vivo reduced high-fat diet (HFD) induced hepatic lipid peroxidation levels and the proportion of hepatocyte death, upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and Gpx4, and downregulated Keap1 expression. Treatment with recombinant Elane increased the lipid peroxidation level of hepatocytes, increased the ferroptosis rate of hepatocytes, upregulated the expression of Keap1, enhanced the ubiquitination of Nrf2, and downregulated the expression of Nrf2 and Gpx4 in an FFA-induced MAFLD in vitro model. However, primary hepatocytes from Elane-KO mice presented opposite changes. Furthermore, an in vitro experiment revealed that Elane enhanced the protein stability of Keap1 and thus increased Keap1 expression in hepatocytes by inhibiting the lysosomal degradation of the Keap1 protein. Finally, in vitro Co-IP experiments revealed that Elane increased the protein stability of Keap1 by weakening the binding between P62 and Keap1 and ultimately promoted hepatocyte Nrf2 ubiquitination and ferroptosis in MAFLD. In conclusion, our results suggested that Elane promoted hepatocyte ferroptosis in MAFLD through the P62–Keap1–Nrf2–Gpx4 axis. Elane promotes ferroptosis in hepatocytes from fatty livers. Elane reduces the binding of P62 to Keap1, thereby increasing Keap1 protein stability and subsequently inhibiting the Nrf2/Gpx4 pathway, ultimately leading to ferroptosis in hepatocytes.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the first major chronic liver disease in developed countries. 10–20% of NAFLD patients will progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and up to 25% of NASH patients may develop cirrhosis within 10 years. Therefore, it is critical to find key targets that may treat this disease. Here, we identified C5aR1 as a highly-expressed gene in NASH mouse model through analyzing Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and confirmed its higher expression in livers of NASH patients than that of NAFL patients. Meanwhile, we verified its positive correlation with patients’ serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels. In vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that knocking down C5aR1 in liver significantly reduced liver weight ratio and serum ALT and AST levels and attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and cell apoptosis in the liver of NASH mice as well as enhanced the efferocytotic ability of liver macrophages, suggesting that C5aR1 may play a crucial role in the efferocytosis of liver macrophages. Furthermore, we also found that the expression levels of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, IL-1β and other inflammation-related factors in the liver were significantly reduced. Our work demonstrates a potential mechanism of how C5aR1 deficiency protects against diet-induced NASH by coordinating the regulation of inflammatory factors and affecting hepatic macrophage efferocytosis.

Data of the diabetes mellitus patients is essential in the study of diabetes management, especially when employing the data-driven machine learning methods into the management. To promote and facilitate the research in diabetes management, we have developed the ShanghaiT1DM and ShanghaiT2DM Datasets and made them publicly available for research purposes. This paper describes the datasets, which was acquired on Type 1 (n = 12) and Type 2 (n = 100) diabetic patients in Shanghai, China. The acquisition has been made in real-life conditions. The datasets contain the clinical characteristics, laboratory measurements and medications of the patients. Moreover, the continuous glucose monitoring readings with 3 to 14 days as a period together with the daily dietary information are also provided. The datasets can contribute to the development of data-driven algorithms/models and diabetes monitoring/managing technologies. Measurement(s) blood glucose Technology Type(s) Continuous Glucose Monitoring System Sample Characteristic - Organism Homo sapiens