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غبار تحت الشمس : قصص قصيرة
يعرض الكتاب بين دفتيه قصصا قصيرة لعادات الأقليات الصينية، وسلوكيات العائلات في المناسبات الدينية والاحتفالات الأخرى المختلفة، وتتباين فيها الشخصيات والزمان والمكان، لتضع القارئ أمام رسم أدبي يشرح حياة الأقليات الصينية المليئة بالتفاصيل والمفارقات. الكتاب من تأليف: يه شنغ فو، وترجمة عن الصينية.
Book
Pattern-recognition receptors are required for NLR-mediated plant immunity
The plant immune system is fundamental for plant survival in natural ecosystems and for productivity in crop fields. Substantial evidence supports the prevailing notion that plants possess a two-tiered innate immune system, called pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). PTI is triggered by microbial patterns via cell surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), whereas ETI is activated by pathogen effector proteins via predominantly intracellularly localized receptors called nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs)
1
–
4
. PTI and ETI are initiated by distinct activation mechanisms and involve different early signalling cascades
5
,
6
. Here we show that
Arabidopsis
PRR and PRR co-receptor mutants—
fls2 efr cerk1
and
bak1 bkk1 cerk1
triple mutants—are markedly impaired in ETI responses when challenged with incompatible
Pseudomonas syrinage
bacteria. We further show that the production of reactive oxygen species by the NADPH oxidase RBOHD is a critical early signalling event connecting PRR- and NLR-mediated immunity, and that the receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 is necessary for full activation of RBOHD, gene expression and bacterial resistance during ETI. Moreover, NLR signalling rapidly augments the transcript and/or protein levels of key PTI components. Our study supports a revised model in which potentiation of PTI is an indispensable component of ETI during bacterial infection. This revised model conceptually unites two major immune signalling cascades in plants and mechanistically explains some of the long-observed similarities in downstream defence outputs between PTI and ETI.
Bacteria elicit two distinct immune responses in
Arabidopsis thaliana
, mediated by diverse signalling receptors but working in a synergistic manner.
Journal Article
Additive manufacturing-enabled design theory and methodology: a critical review
As additive manufacturing (AM) process evolves from rapid prototyping to the end-of-use product manufacturing process, manufacturing constraints have largely been alleviated and design freedom has been significantly broadened, including shape complexity, material complexity, hierarchical complexity, and functional complexity. Inevitably, conventional Design Theory and Methodology (DTM) especially life-cycle objectives oriented ones are challenged. In this paper, firstly, the impact of AM on conventional DTM is analyzed in terms of design for manufacturing (DFM), design for assembly (DFA), and design for performance (DFP). Abundance of evidences indicate that conventional DTM is not qualified to embrace these new opportunities and consequently underline the need for a set of design principles for AM to achieve a better design. Secondly, design methods related with AM are reviewed and classified into three main groups, including design guidelines, modified DTM for AM, and design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). The principles and representative design methods in each category are studied comprehensively with respect to benefits and drawbacks. A new design method partially overcoming these drawbacks by integrating function integration and structure optimization to realize less part count and better performance is discussed. Design tools as a necessary part for supporting design are also studied. In the meantime, the review also identified the possible areas for future research.
Journal Article
Innate Immunity in Plants: An Arms Race Between Pattern Recognition Receptors in Plants and Effectors in Microbial Pathogens
For many years, research on a suite of plant defense responses that begin when plants are exposed to general microbial elicitors was underappreciated, for a good reason: There has been no critical experimental demonstration of their importance in mediating plant resistance during pathogen infection. Today, these microbial elicitors are named pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs) and the plant responses are known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Recent studies provide an elegant explanation for the difficulty of demonstrating the role of PTI in plant disease resistance. It turns out that the important contribution of PTI to disease resistance is masked by pathogen virulence effectors that have evolved to suppress it.
Journal Article
Unexpected Global Structure of Quasi‐4‐Day Wave With Westward Zonal Wavenumber 2 During the February 2023 Unusual Major Sudden Stratospheric Warming With Elevated Stratopause
During February 2023, the quasi‐4‐day wave (Q4DW) with westward zonal wavenumber 2 (W2) reached its largest amplitude of ∼400 m in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) geopotential height observations since 2004, which occurred simultaneously with an Arctic major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) with an elevated stratopause (ES). However, the Q4DW‐W2 perturbations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) were unexpectedly suppressed despite the unstable Arctic stratosphere and mesosphere during the 2023 ES‐SSW. Diagnostic analysis shows that the westward winds at ∼54°N–70°N in the upper stratosphere of ∼‐79 m/s during the 2023 ES‐SSW were the strongest during boreal winters over the past two decades, which benefited from the onset of a preceding minor SSW at the end of January. The strongest westward wind generated a wave geometry configuration of full reflection for Q4DW‐W2 in the NH, while the Q4DW‐W2 enhancement in the SH was induced by the in‐situ amplification of the surviving seeding perturbations. Plain Language Summary Among the planetary waves with a period of about 4 days, the eastward quasi‐4‐day wave (Q4DW) excited by the double‐jet structure in the Southern Hemisphere is the most famous one, while another Q4DW with westward zonal wavenumber 2 (W2) belonging to the normal modes of the Earth's atmosphere has attracted little attention. During the February 2023 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) with an elevated stratopause (ES), the exceptional enhancement and suppression of Q4DW‐W2 were captured in the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere, respectively. Such global structure is first observed and abnormal among traveling planetary waves during SSW since they usually have a peak region in the unstable winter hemisphere. We found that the rare sequence of stratospheric disturbances in the 44‐year historical record that a minor SSW followed by an ES‐SSW led to the excessively strong westward wind during the 2023 ES‐SSW, which resulted in a wave geometry configuration of full reflection for Q4DW‐W2 in the Northern Hemisphere. Our current results well establish the relationship between a new global structure of traveling planetary waves during SSW and the rare sequence of stratospheric disturbances. This will deepen the understanding of the less studied Q4DW‐W2 and the Earth's whole atmospheric coupling during SSW. Key Points The anomalous burst and suppression of quasi‐4‐day wave (Q4DW) with westward zonal wavenumber 2 (W2) were observed in the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere (NH) respectively during the February 2023 major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) with elevated stratopause (ES) The rare sequence of SSWs in January and February 2023 led to the strongest westward wind during boreal winters over the past two decades The strongest westward wind during the 2023 ES‐SSW created a wave geometry configuration of full reflection weakening the Q4DW‐W2 in the NH
Journal Article
A plant genetic network for preventing dysbiosis in the phyllosphere
The aboveground parts of terrestrial plants, collectively called the phyllosphere, have a key role in the global balance of atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen. The phyllosphere represents one of the most abundant habitats for microbiota colonization. Whether and how plants control phyllosphere microbiota to ensure plant health is not well understood. Here we show that the
Arabidopsis
quadruple mutant (
min7 fls2 efr cerk1
; hereafter,
mfec
)
1
, simultaneously defective in pattern-triggered immunity and the MIN7 vesicle-trafficking pathway, or a
constitutively activated cell death1
(
cad1
) mutant, carrying a S205F mutation in a membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF)-domain protein, harbour altered endophytic phyllosphere microbiota and display leaf-tissue damage associated with dysbiosis. The Shannon diversity index and the relative abundance of Firmicutes were markedly reduced, whereas Proteobacteria were enriched in the
mfec
and
cad1
S205F
mutants, bearing cross-kingdom resemblance to some aspects of the dysbiosis that occurs in human inflammatory bowel disease. Bacterial community transplantation experiments demonstrated a causal role of a properly assembled leaf bacterial community in phyllosphere health. Pattern-triggered immune signalling, MIN7 and CAD1 are found in major land plant lineages and are probably key components of a genetic network through which terrestrial plants control the level and nurture the diversity of endophytic phyllosphere microbiota for survival and health in a microorganism-rich environment.
Mutations in genes involved in immune signalling and vesicle trafficking cause defects in the leaf microbiome of
Arabidopsis thaliana
that result in damage to leaf tissues, suggesting mechanisms by which terrestrial plants control the level and diversity of endophytic phyllosphere microbiota.
Journal Article