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Background Malaria, a prevalent disease in Sudan, has a significant impact on socioeconomic conditions. Cytokines play a crucial role in regulating the immune response during infectious diseases. This study investigates the interplay between malaria and immune response modulation in the River Nile State, focusing on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Method Ninety participants with microscopy-confirmed malaria were enrolled. Parasite density and COVID-19 co-infection were assessed. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA. Results TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 levels were significantly associated with parasite density ( P  < 0.05), but not IL-10. TGF-β1 was significantly higher in P. vivax infections, while IL-10 was elevated in P. falciparum cases. Uric acid levels were lower in participants co-infected with COVID-19 ( P  < 0.05). Conclusion The study’s findings show how cytokines affect the immune response, impacting both parasite clearance. TNF-α, IFN-γ, and TGF-β1 are positively linked to parasite density ( r  = 0.42, 0.38, 0.51; P  < 0.01). IL-10 levels were higher in P. falciparum compared to P. vivax (560.0 vs. 415.6 pg/mL, P  = 0.019).

Echinochasmidae are considered one of the digenean intestinal parasites of carnivorous mammals and humans. Some larvicidal medications, such as praziquantel and albendazole, were employed to interrupt the life cycle of Echinochasmidae, which may cause harmful and serious effects on the domestic fish, ducks, and humans in our ecosystem. Cercariae of Echinochasmus sp. (gymnocephalus type) were harvested by exposing snails to strong artificial illumination. The emerging cercariae were exposed in vitro to different concentrations of praziquantel and albendazole at the same period of incubation 12 h. Using probit analysis in SPSS version 25, the lethal concentrations 50 and 95% were determined. They were 0.036 and 0.82 ppm, respectively, for praziquantel and 5.3 and 9.2 ppm, respectively, for albendazole. The ultrastructural changes using scanning electron microscope on the tegumental surface of the treated cercariae with the two drugs were compared to the untreated cercariae. The untreated cercariae have a pear-shaped body with a long tail. The oral sucker is armed with a spiny collar and decorated with ciliated and unciliated sensory papillae. The cardinal ventral sucker has a thick, muscular wall. The cercarial tail is decorated with parallel longitudinal tegumental processes and spherical, unciliated papillae. In comparisons, cercariae treated with both drugs lost all healthy morphological features, but in varying degrees and effects between the two drugs. Our findings suggest that the use of both drugs can be recommended during the design of control strategies to combat this type of intestinal parasite.

This paper investigates the effect of industry-specific factors on the profitability of companies listed in the Egyptian securities market, presenting an empirical study designed to measure how sectoral characteristics influence financial performance. The authors argue that corporate profitability depends not only on managerial decisions or macroeconomic conditions but also on the nature of the industry in which firms operate, including competitive structure, capital intensity, risk levels, and market size. Employing an applied analytical approach, the study collected financial data from listed companies in Egypt, classifying them into sectors such as industry, services, banking, and insurance, and then analyzed profitability indicators such as return on assets, return on equity, and net profit margin. The findings reveal significant variations in profitability across sectors: capital-intensive industries tend to achieve lower profit margins compared to service-oriented sectors, while banks demonstrated greater capacity for stable returns due to the nature of their operations. The results also highlight market size and industry-specific risks as key determinants of profitability. The study concludes that understanding industry-specific dynamics is essential for investors and policymakers in making informed investment decisions, and that enhancing transparency in disclosing such factors can improve the overall efficiency of the Egyptian securities market. Abstract Written by Dar AlMandumh, 2025, Using AI

Simple, accurate, and precise UV spectrophotometric methods were developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of olanzapine (OLA) and fluoxetine (FLU) in bulk powders and combined pharmaceutical formulations without prior separation steps. The methods employed advanced mathematical manipulation techniques using both the Constant Multiplication method (CM) coupled with Spectrum Subtraction (SS) and the Factorized Zero-Order method (FZM), which was also coupled with SS. These approaches utilized normalized and factorized spectra, respectively, to resolve the overlapping spectral profiles of the two drugs. Unlike conventional methods reported in the literature, such as derivative spectrophotometry, our approach enabled the extraction of each component in its original zero-order form, exhibiting spectral features identical to those of pure standards, which enhances accuracy and precision. A direct comparative evaluation of CM–SS and FZM–SS is presented, highlighting their respective analytical merits. The proposed methods demonstrated linearity over concentration ranges of 1.5–14 µg/mL and 3.5–35 µg/mL for OLA and FLU, respectively, with limits of detection of 0.15 µg/mL (OLA) and 0.38 µg/mL (FLU), and limits of quantification of 0.47 µg/mL (OLA) and 1.15 µg/mL (FLU), confirming the high sensitivity of the methods. They were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of OLA and FLU in synthetic mixtures and in their combined dosage form with excellent accuracy and precision. Furthermore, the environmental and practical merits of the methods were evaluated through the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC). The greenness of the proposed spectrophotometric method was evaluated by the Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE). The overall method performance, including validation efficiency, ecological impact, and practicality, was systematically evaluated using the RGB-based WAC approach.

Due to its characteristics and allowable use, the sulphonamide group remains a first-choice treatment for veterinarians when managing multiple veterinary diseases. Unfortunately, long-term consumption of food containing sulphonamide residues can result in harmful effects, especially that sulphonamides are classified in category D. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated outstanding selectivity in detecting target components due to their large surface areas and intricate structures. In this study, we present a novel voltammetric approach for determining sulfadimidine (SLD) in veterinary formulations, animal plasma, and animal-derived products, including milk and eggs. We employed a bimetallic Cu/Ni-MOF to modify a carbon paste electrode, utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) for SLD detection. The morphology of the Cu/Ni-MOF was analyzed to ensure optimal structural characteristics, and experimental conditions were optimized to achieve the best performance. A major advantage of this method is its wide linearity range (100 nM to 100,000 nM) and the ability to detect SLD at nanogram levels, with a LOD of 20 nM and a LOQ of 60 nM. These characteristics demonstrate the fabricated Cu/Ni-MOF’s capability to detect SLD at levels below its maximum residue limit (MRL) in plasma, milk, and eggs. Furthermore, the environmental impact of this method was assessed using the RGB 12 metric and compared against the AGREE, Complex GAPI, and BAGI metrics, offering a comprehensive evaluation of its analytical performance and practical advantages. This approach holds promise for curbing antibiotic misuse by providing a straightforward and effective method for SLD detection across multiple matrices.