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Science and engineering research studies are currently concentrating on synthesizing, designing, producing, and consuming ecologically benign chemical species to replace harmful chemicals. This is due to the increasing demands of conservation knowledge and strict ecological regulations. Numerous environmentally friendly substitutes produced from natural resources, including biopolymers, plant extracts, chemical pharmaceuticals (drugs), and so on, are now frequently used as inhibitors to replace dangerous corrosion inhibitors. Many compounds have been extensively used. A range of methods, including physisorption, chemisorption, barrier protection, thin-film growth, and electrochemical procedures, will be used to provide corrosion resistance. The various kinds of corrosion inhibitors (CIs), the mechanisms underlying inhibition, and the evaluation procedures have all been covered in-depth. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature in which researchers and scientists used different types of CIs, the effect of CIs on metals, and information about designs and mechanisms used to minimize corrosion in a variety of equipment composed of alloys or metals, along with electrochemical evaluation studies. This review will provide scholars with fresh insights to advance the discipline.

In this present work, we demonstrate an efficient electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a ternary nanocomposite of tin oxide QDs/GO/PPy (SGP2). An in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method was used to create the SGP2 nanocomposite. FTIR, XRD, HR TEM, CV, DPV, and impedance analysis were used to characterize the nanocomposite. The SGP2 nanocomposite modified GCE can be used to create an effective H2O2 electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and a low detection limit (LOD). With SGP2 modified GCE, the electrochemical detection test for H2O2 was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric methods. The SGP2 modified GCE shows improved sensing capabilities, resulting in considerable sensitivity of 11.69 µA mM cm−2 and a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.758 µM for a broad linear range of H2O2 concentration from 0.1 mM to 0.8 mM with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9886. Additionally, the performance of the SGP2-modified GCE electrode is on par with or nonetheless superior to that of the other functional materials that have been reported for H2O2. As a result, our findings suggest that combining conductive polymer with metal oxide may be a useful method for producing sophisticated and affordable electrochemical sensors.

Biomass-derived carbons are emerging materials with a wide range of catalytic properties, such as large surface area and porosity, which make them ideal candidates to be used as heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic supports. Their unique physical and chemical properties, such as their tunable surface, chemical inertness, and hydrophobicity, along with being environmentally friendly and cost effective, give them an edge over other catalysts. The biomass-derived carbon materials are compatible with a wide range of reactions including organic transformations, electrocatalytic reactions, and photocatalytic reactions. This review discusses the uses of materials produced from biomass in the realm of heterogeneous catalysis, highlighting the different types of carbon materials derived from biomass that are potential catalysts, and the importance and unique properties of heterogeneous catalysts with different preparation methods are summarized. Furthermore, this review article presents the relevant work carried out in recent years where unique biomass-derived materials are used as heterogeneous catalysts and their contribution to the field of catalysis. The challenges and potential prospects of heterogeneous catalysis are also discussed.

In this present work, we demonstrate an efficient electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H[sub.2] O[sub.2] ) using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a ternary nanocomposite of tin oxide QDs/GO/PPy (SGP2). An in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method was used to create the SGP2 nanocomposite. FTIR, XRD, HR TEM, CV, DPV, and impedance analysis were used to characterize the nanocomposite. The SGP2 nanocomposite modified GCE can be used to create an effective H[sub.2] O[sub.2] electrochemical sensor with high sensitivity and a low detection limit (LOD). With SGP2 modified GCE, the electrochemical detection test for H[sub.2] O[sub.2] was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric methods. The SGP2 modified GCE shows improved sensing capabilities, resulting in considerable sensitivity of 11.69 µA mM cm[sup.−2] and a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.758 µM for a broad linear range of H[sub.2] O[sub.2] concentration from 0.1 mM to 0.8 mM with a correlation coefficient R[sup.2] = 0.9886. Additionally, the performance of the SGP2-modified GCE electrode is on par with or nonetheless superior to that of the other functional materials that have been reported for H[sub.2] O[sub.2] . As a result, our findings suggest that combining conductive polymer with metal oxide may be a useful method for producing sophisticated and affordable electrochemical sensors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Chalazion is a common non-infective granuloma of the meibomian glands of eyelids. The standard treatment for this lesion has been incision and curettage, which although a minor procedure often causes distress and some amount of discomfort to the patient. Now-a-days intralesional corticosteroids therapy has been described as more convenient procedure, free from major complication, less expensive and hence can be used as an alternative to incision and curettage as the first line treatment for chalazion.Objective: 1) To compare the treatment outcome of chalazion with intralesional injection of triamcinolone vs incision and curettage. 2) Patients compliance to either of the treatment modality i.e., intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide or with incision and curettage is evaluated.METHODS:A prospective, interventional clinical study was conducted. One hundred twenty patients that met the inclusion criteria and gave informed consent were randomized to either TI group or I&C group (60 patients in each group). Patients were followed up at 1st week and 2ndweek following the intervention.RESULTS:60 patients with chalazion were recruited in the TI group and 60 patients in the I&C group. In our study we found that response after treatment at 1st week of follow up with TI group was 71.6% and that with I&C was 78.3%, difference being statistically insignificant. However in the 2ndweek of follow up, response rate was 95% in TI group and 90% for I&C group which was statistically not significant. In both the group size, site and duration of chalazion did not significantly influence the outcome of the treatment. 35% of patients with chalazion had acne rosacea. No complication were noticed in our study.CONCLUSION:Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection is as effective as I&C in the treatment of chalazion. Injection may be considered as an alternative first line of treatment in the cases where I&C is not feasible i.e. in children, patients with allergy to anaesthetic agent and patients with psychological aversion to surgery or anaesthesia.

Patient portal secure messaging allows patients to describe health-related behaviors in ways that may not be sufficiently captured in standard electronic health record (EHR) documentation, but little is known about how cannabis is discussed on this platform. This study aimed to identify patient and provider secure messages that discussed cannabis and contextualize these discussions over periods before and after its legalization for medical purposes in Pennsylvania. We examined 382,982 secure messages sent by 15,340 patients and 6101 providers from an integrated health delivery system in Pennsylvania, United States, from January 2012 to June 2022. We used an unsupervised natural language processing approach to construct a lexicon that identified messages explicitly discussing cannabis. We then conducted a qualitative content analysis on a random sample of identified messages to understand the medical reasons behind patients' use, the primary purposes of the cannabis-related discussions, and changes in these purposes over time. We identified 1782 messages sent by 1098 patients (7.2% of total patients in the study) and 800 messages sent by 430 providers (7% of total providers in the study) as explicitly discussing cannabis. The most common medical reasons for use stated by patients in 190 sampled messages included pain or a pain-related condition (50.5% of messages), anxiety (13.7% of messages), and sleep (11.1% of messages). We coded 56 different purposes behind the mentions of cannabis in patient messages and 33 purposes in 100 sampled provider messages. In years before the legalization (2012-2016), patient and provider messages (n=20 for both) were primarily driven by discussions about cannabis screening results (38.9% and 76.5% of messages, respectively). In the years following legalization (2017-2022), patient messages (n=170) primarily involved seeking assistance to facilitate medical use (35.2% of messages) and reporting current use (25.3% of messages). Provider messages (n=80) were driven by giving assistance with medical marijuana access (27.5% of messages) and stating that they were unable to refer, prescribe or recommend medical marijuana (26.3% of messages). Patients showed a willingness to discuss cannabis use over patient portal secure messages and expressed interest in use after the legalization of medical marijuana. Some providers responded to patient inquiries with assistance in obtaining access to medical marijuana, while others cautioned patients on the risks of use. Insight into cannabis-related discussions through secure messages can help health systems determine opportunities to improve care processes around patients' cannabis use, and providers should be supported to communicate accurate and consistent information.

Recent studies have shown that organic aerosol (OA) could have a nontrivial role in atmospheric light absorption at shorter visible wavelengths. Good estimates of OA light absorption are therefore necessary to better estimate radiative forcing due to these aerosols in climate models. One of the common techniques used to measure OA light absorption is the solvent extraction technique from filter samples which involves the use of a spectrophotometer to measure bulk absorbance by the solvent-soluble organic fraction of particulate matter. Measured solvent-phase absorbance is subsequently converted to particle-phase absorption coefficient using scaling factors. The conventional view is to apply a correction factor of 2 to absorption coefficients obtained from solvent-extracted OA based on Mie calculations. The appropriate scaling factors are a function of biases due to incomplete extraction of organic carbon (OC) by solvents and size-dependent absorption properties of OA. The range for these biases along with their potential dependence on burn conditions is an unexplored area of research. Here, we performed a comprehensive laboratory study involving three solvents (water, methanol, and acetone) to investigate the bias in absorption coefficients obtained from solvent-extraction-based photometry techniques as compared to in situ particle-phase absorption for freshly emitted OA from biomass burning. We correlated the bias with OC∕TC (total carbon) mass ratio and single scattering albedo (SSA) and observed that the conventionally used correction factor of 2 for water and methanol-extracted OA might not be extensible to all systems, and we suggest caution while using such correction factors to estimate particle-phase OA absorption coefficients. Furthermore, a linear correlation between SSA and the OC∕TC ratio was also established. Finally, from the spectroscopic data, we analyzed the differences in absorption Ångström exponents (AÅE) obtained from solution- and particulate-phase measurements. We noted that AÅE from solvent-phase measurements could deviate significantly from their OA counterparts.

Primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an extremely rare entity with very few cases reported worldwide. We present a case of a large locally advanced gastric mass with liver metastasis, with no involvement of the gastric mucosa. Clinical presentation, serum markers, imaging, endoscopy, and histopathology, created a dilemma in its diagnosis. However, immunohistochemistry helped in the diagnosis. This case serves as a reminder to consider primary gastric SCC as a differential while evaluating a gastric mass.

Context: The increasing death rate because of oral cancer is mainly due to its late diagnosis. Tumour markers are often detected in abnormal amounts in blood, urine or saliva of patients with certain types of cancer. Diagnosing cancer through human saliva has advantages such as low invasiveness, minimum cost and easy sample collection. We have used serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and salivary IgA for our present study. Aims: The aim of present study was to estimate serum and salivary IgA levels in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Settings and Design: The study included 40 patients; 10 in the control group, 15 cases with oral leukoplakia and 15 cases with OSCC. Methods and Material: The blood samples and saliva were taken from clinically diagnosed oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients and were tested for IgA levels. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed using SPSS 16.0. The mean values were compared between the groups by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc test for group-wise comparison. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: It was observed that the comparison of levels of serum IgA in control and leukoplakia group; control and OSCC group; leukoplakia and OSCC group were found to be statistically significant. Also, comparison between the levels of salivary IgA in control and OSCC group was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: It is suggested that the serum and salivary IgA levels could be a better adjuvant diagnostic marker along with routine markers in patients with premalignant and malignant lesions.

IntroductionThe primary goal of quality improvement is to enhance patient outcomes, particularly in the emergency department (ED). Timely and effective care is crucial in these situations. By comprehending the challenges, evaluating current performance and implementing quality improvement projects, areas in need of enhancement can be pinpointed and addressed, resulting in better outcomes.MethodologyThis interventional study explores the implementation of quality improvement in the ED of a quaternary care teaching hospital in South India. It follows the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle guided by the Donabedian model. Descriptive statistics were employed to measure changes in outcomes before and after implementation. To improve processes, Donabedian principles were applied, and a performance audit was conducted based on patient feedback and stakeholder input. Various ED indicators were measured. To address identified issues, formal root cause analysis was performed, leading to the generation of PDCA rapid change cycles. These cycles were implemented over 6 months, with two cycles executed, followed by postimplementation evaluation.ResultsPost implementation, improvements were observed in several aspects of ED operations. These included reduced ED average length of stay, decreased time to analgesia, shorter cross-consultation time, faster transfer time from ED and improved investigation turnaround time (TAT). Additionally, there was a reduction in revisits to ED within 72 hours and a decrease in patients who left without being seen. These positive changes demonstrate the effectiveness of the quality improvement intervention using the PDCA cycle.ConclusionA comprehensive understanding of patient profile in the ED and factors influencing care is essential for the hospital to ensure sufficient resources and skilled emergency medicine physicians are available 24/7. By enhancing services in the ED, reducing patient waiting times and improving TAT, the overall efficiency of services can be improved. This leads to provision of timely quality care to patients and ultimately improves their outcomes.