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The thermal regime in large reservoirs plays a significant role in the water quality and ecosystem succession; however, little is known about the impacts of regional climate changes and hydrological conditions on a sizeable stratified reservoir with strong inflow conditions, i.e., the Xiangjiaba Reservoir. Using measured data from 2014 to 2018, the monthly and seasonal variations of the water temperature, thermal stability, and their influencing factors were addressed by using empirical models. The results showed substantial variability and seasonality in the reservoir water temperature, which correlated highly with the air temperature, inflow water temperature, and discharge. Correspondingly, there was a seasonal varying thermal stratification in the reservoir’s yearly cycle, with its duration being up to 4 ~ 5 months, the maximum surface-bottom water temperature difference being up to 7 ~ 10 °C. There were significant positive correlations between Schmidt’s stability index of the thermal structure and inflow-reservoir temperature difference and the surface-bottom temperature differences, while negative correlations with large discharge. Moreover, the inflow tends to influence thermal stability by retaining hypolimnion cold water, with its maximum bottom hysteresis residence time being up to ~ 4 months. Research findings indicated that climate warming in the recent 30 years (1988 ~ 2017) would cause a 0.213 °C/decade and 0.153 kJ/m 2 /decade increase in reservoir surface water temperature and Schmidt’s stability index, respectively. Among these variations, the inflow temperature increase caused by climate change accounted for the largest proportion, i.e., 0.16 °C/decade and 0.115 kJ/m 2 /decade. Therefore, climate warming significantly affected the thermal regimes in this large reservoir, and the inflow water temperature increase due to warm air was the main factor altering the reservoir’s thermal structure. Findings from the present study provide a fresh perspective on how to best optimize the deep channel-type reservoirs’ water quality in the face of anticipated climate change.

Natural fluctuations in river flow are central to the ecosystem productivity of basins, yet significant alterations in daily flows pose threats to the integrity of the hydrological, ecological, and agricultural systems. In the dammed Lancang–Mekong River (hereafter LMR), the attribution of these large daily flow changes to upstream regions remains mechanistically unexamined, a factor blamed on challenges in estimating the time required for large daily shifts in upstream river flow to impact the downstream stations. Here, we address this with a newly developed subbasin modeling framework that integrates 3D hydrodynamic and response time models, together with a hydrological model with an embedded reservoir module. This integration allows us to estimate the time required between two hydrological stations and to distinguish between the contributions of subbasins and upstream regions to large daily river flow alterations. The findings revealed a power correlation between upstream river discharge and the time required to reach downstream stations. Significant fluctuations (greater than 1 m) in the river's daily flow were evident before the advent of the era of human activities, i.e., before 1992, with around 92 % of these fluctuations occurring during the wet season, particularly in June, July, and August. This pattern persisted throughout subsequent periods, including the growth period (1992–2009) and the mega-dam period (2010 to 2020), with minimal variation in the frequency of events. The Lancang basin contributed approximately 33 %–42 % of these large river fluctuations at the Chiang Saen station. We found that daily-scale water level and runoff might not fully capture dynamic river flow changes, as significant differences were observed between daily and subdaily river flow profiles. Subbasins significantly contributed to mainstream discharge, leading to substantial shifts in mainstream daily river flows. The outcomes and model derived from the subbasin approach have significant potential for managing river fluctuations and broader applicability beyond the specific basin studied.

The Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is the leading and demonstration area for the high-quality development of culture tourism (HDCT) in China. It is of great significance to study the spatiotemporal characteristics and impact mechanism of the HDCT for revealing the internal law of HDCT and promoting the collaborative innovation of culture tourism among cities. Based on the scientific construction of the evaluation system of HDCT, this paper made a quantitative analysis of 26 cities’ HDCT by using coupling coordination degree model, Lisa spatiotemporal transition and spatial Durbin model (SDM). The results show that: The overall level of 26 cities’ HDCT shows a fluctuating upward trend, and presents a \"Z\" pattern in space. More than 80% of the cities are at the medium and high level. Shanghai has obvious advantages in the primacy degree. There is a significant positive spatial autocorrelation among cities with high-quality of culture tourism development. The spatial clustering and proximity of the same kind are increasing, and the radiation effect is gradually obvious. The local spatial association patterns are mainly HH and LL agglomeration, and the characteristics of polarization are gradually prominent. The local spatial correlation structure of HDCT has strong stability, the transfer inertia between types is prominent, and the overall spatial evolution is lack of integration with obvious path dependence and lock-in effect. The spatiotemporal evolution of the HDCT is a complex process under the interaction of multiple factors, and there is a significant spatial spillover effect (0.256). The level of economic development, technological innovation, professional talent allocation are the three main factors. According to the dominant factor, it can be divided into economy stabilizing type, industry optimizing type, innovation driving type and traffic impacting type. These findings have implications for local governments and tourism management departments to achieve high-quality innovative development of cultural tourism.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms like tremors and bradykinesia. PD’s pathology involves the aggregation of α-synuclein and loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to altered neural oscillations in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic network. Despite extensive research, the relationship between the motor symptoms of PD and transient changes in brain oscillations before and after motor tasks in different brain regions remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate neural oscillations in both healthy and PD model mice using local field potential (LFP) recordings from multiple brain regions during rest and locomotion. The histological evaluation confirmed the significant dopaminergic neuron loss in the injection side in 6-OHDA lesioned mice. Behavioral tests showed motor deficits in these mice, including impaired coordination and increased forelimb asymmetry. The LFP analysis revealed increased delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma band activity in 6-OHDA lesioned mice during movement, with significant increases in multiple brain regions, including the primary motor cortex (M1), caudate–putamen (CPu), subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), and pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). Taken together, these results show that the motor symptoms of PD are accompanied by significant transient increases in brain oscillations, especially in the gamma band. This study provides potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation by elucidating the relationship between specific neural oscillations and motor deficits in PD.

Vocal communication plays a critical role in the transfer and exchange of information among animals. However, it remains unclear how modifications to specific call components simultaneously affect behavioral and neural responses. To address these issues, we conducted phonotaxis experiments and neural signal recordings in Emei music frogs ( Nidirana daunchina ), exposing them to auditory stimuli with varying degrees of information coherence violations. During the electrophysiological recordings, we also presented stimuli with altered physical properties featuring rising intonation. The phonotaxis experiments showed that females exhibited reduced attraction to altered calls with potential information coherence violations, suggesting that information coherence may influence female choice. Similarly, the electrophysiological experiments indicated a correlation between the amplitudes of the N400 and late positive components (LPC) with information incongruity and altered physical properties, respectively. Notably, the N400 amplitudes increased proportionally with the extent of potential information coherence violations. Given that N400 is a well-established neural indicator for prediction error in perceptual processes, including semantic processing in humans, and considering the significant evolutionary conservation of brain structure and function among vertebrates, these findings suggest that information coherence contained in the calls plays a crucial role in anuran vocal communication. Both behavioral and electrophysiological responses to modifications of specific call components illuminate the role of information coherence in vocal communication among vocal animals.

5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA), being a plant growth promoter, effectively improves plant growth and development. However, relevant reports are deficient on how ALA regulates the maize grain yield. In this study, the leaves of maize were sprayed with ALA solution (40 mg L –1 ) at the 12th leave stage. We measured the grain morphology, carbohydrate and hormone contents after silking stage, while the yield and components were measured at maturity. The ALA improved the grain morphology (fresh weight, dry weight, volume and length) of two varieties, and also increased the content of starch, soluble sugar, sucrose and fructose in two varieties. Furthermore, its application increased the auxins (IAA), gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA) and zeatin riboside (ZR) content of two varieties. These improvements had a positive correlation with the yield, as being illustrated by its induced-increases in the 1000-grain weight and grain yield in maturity. Thus, our findings highlight that the ALA applications can improve the maize yield via enhancing grain morphology and increasing carbohydrate and hormone contents.

Social hierarchy serves as a fundamental organizational mechanism within most animal societies, however, the neural mechanisms governing dominance hierarchies remain inadequately understood. Considering that GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) exert substantial inhibitory control over brain activity, we hypothesized that these neurons play a pivotal role in regulating social hierarchy. To test this, we employed a combination of optogenetics, chemogenetics, fiber photometry, and behavioral assays in mice to elucidate the functional contributions of these neurons. Our results revealed a biphasic activity pattern of DRN GABAergic neurons, characterized by increased firing during retreats and decreased firing during the initiation of effortful behaviors in the tube test. Furthermore, activation of these neurons led to an increase in the number of retreats and a reduction in social rank, while inhibition of these neurons produced the opposite effects. These findings elucidate the bidirectional regulatory role of DRN GABAergic neurons in social hierarchy. The activity pattern of DRN GABAergic neurons, characterized by increased firing during retreats and decreased firing during the initiation of effortful behaviors in the tube test, illuminates their bidirectional regulatory role in social hierarchy.

Rural power grids are essential for rural development, impacting the lives of farmers, the agricultural economy, and the overall efficiency of agricultural production. To ensure the reliable operation of these grids, finding ways to provide high-quality power is imperative. In recent years, the penetration rate of distributed photovoltaic (PV) in the distribution network has been increasing. When the output of PV and load are not matched, the voltage fluctuation of the network affects the safe and stable operation of the distribution network. In this study, we propose that the stable operation of rural power grids can be achieved by employing a photovoltaic-electric spring (PV-ES) device. A state space model of PV-ES is established and a single PV-ES voltage control method, based on a PI controller, is proposed, taking a rural user household with a monthly power consumption of about 120 access to distributed power supply as an example. We analyzed the device’s effectiveness in addressing voltage fluctuation issues as well as how light intensity impacts its effectiveness. The implementation of the PV-ES device solves the most significant problem faced by rural power grids, namely, the unstable power supply that occurs during peak electricity consumption periods. In addition, the PV-ES device ensures a high-quality electricity consumption experience for consumers.

The objective of this study is to identify the expression status and clinical implications of lipase member H (LIPH) in breast cancer in order to develop strategies for breast cancer management. LIPH expression status was detected in 346 breast cancer specimens by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between LIPH expression, clinico-pathological parameters, and prognosis of breast cancer was determined. LIPH expression was higher in breast cancer specimens than in paracarcinoma tissues ( P  = 0.01). In total, 64.74 % (224/346) of breast cancer samples had high expression of the LIPH protein. LIPH was related to tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis ( P  = 0.073, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, individuals with high LIPH expression had a significantly higher rate of distant metastasis and poorer disease-specific survival than those with no or low LIPH expression ( P  = 0.01). A Cox regression test indicated that the LIPH protein was an independent prognostic factor ( P  = 0.001). LIPH was differentially expressed in breast cancer individuals and is an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer as well as a potential target for its management.

Social hierarchy serves as a fundamental organizational mechanism within most animal societies, exerting significant influence on health, survival, and reproductive success in both humans and animals. However, the neural mechanisms by which the brain regulates dominance hierarchies remain inadequately understood. Considering that GABAergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) exert substantial inhibitory control over serotonergic firing, which may be implicated in the acquisition of dominance, we hypothesized that DRN GABAergic neurons may play a pivotal role in regulating social hierarchy. To test this hypothesis, we employed a combination of optogenetics, chemogenetics, fiber photometry recordings, and behavioral assays in mice, to elucidate the functional contributions of these neurons. Our results revealed a biphasic activity pattern of DRN GABAergic neurons, characterized by increased firing during retreats and decreased firing during push-initiation in the tube test. Furthermore, the optogenetic and chemogenetic activation of DRN GABAergic neurons led to an increase in the number of retreats and a reduction in social rank, while inhibition of these neurons produced the opposite effects. These findings elucidate the bidirectional regulatory role of DRN GABAergic neurons in social hierarchies.