Explore the vast range of titles available.

This handbook surveys the central theories in comparative and international education (CIE). Each chapter includes an overview of the theory including its history and development, references to examples where the theory has been applied in CIE research and practice, and suggestions for further reading. Written by leading scholars from the USA, the UK, China, Canada, Germany, Australia, Denmark, The Netherlands, Luxembourg and Sweden this is must-have reference work for those studying CIE. The handbook includes chapters on: Structuralism, Colonialism/Imperialism, Marxism, Modernization/Human Capital Theory, World System Theory, Post-Colonialism, Post-Modernism / Post-Structuralism, Post-Socialism/Post-communism/Post-authoritarianism, Feminism/Gender, Post-Foundationalism, Neo-Colonialism and Southern Turn Theory, Neo-liberalism, Neo-Institutionalism, Neo-Marxism, Neo-Realism, Policy Borrowing and Lending and Educational Transfer, Peace Theories, Human Rights, Critical Pedagogy, Transitologies, Actor Network Theory, Communication Theory, Social Network Theory, Capabilities Theory, Cultural Political Economy and Regime Theory.

Morquio syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis IV/MPS IV) is a genetic disorder leading to skeletal abnormalities and gait deviations. Research on the gait patterns and lower extremity physical characteristics associated with skeletal dysplasia in children with MPS IV is currently limited. This research aimed to provide baseline gait patterns and lower limb skeletal alignment of children with MPS IV utilizing three-dimensional instrumented gait analysis. This Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective study evaluates the kinematics of the lower extremities of children with MPS IV during gait, comparing them with an age-matched group of typically developing children. Thirty-three children with MPS IV were included (8.6 ± 4.0 years old). Children with MPS IV walk with increased anterior pelvic tilt, knee valgus, knee flexion, external tibial torsion, and reduced walking speed and stride length (p < 0.001). Multiplanar abnormal alignment results in abnormal knee moments (p < 0.001). Limited correlations exist (r = 0.69–0.28) between dynamic three-dimensional measurements of knee varus/valgus and rotational alignment and traditional static two-dimensional measures (physical examination or radiographs) suggesting the possibility of knee instability during gait and the benefits of dynamic assessment.

Infection control guidelines for cystic fibrosis (CF) stress cleaning of environmental surfaces and patientcare equipment in CF clinics. This multicenter study measured cleanliness of frequently touched surfaces in CF clinics using an ATP bioluminescence assay to assess the effectiveness of cleaning/disinfection and the impact of feedback. Eight surfaces were tested across 19 clinics (10 pediatric, 9 adult) over 5 rounds of testing. Rounds 1 and 2 served as uncleaned baseline, and Round 3 occurring after routine cleaning. Rounds 4 and 5 were performed after feedback provided to staff and measured after cleaning. Pass rates defined as <250 relative light units were the primary outcome. Of the 750 tests performed, 72% of surfaces passed at baseline, and 79%, 83%, and 85% of surfaces passed in Rounds 3, 4, and 5, respectively. The overall pass-rate was significantly higher in adult compared to pediatric clinics (86% vs 71%; < 0.001). In pediatric clinics, blood pressure equipment and computer keyboards in the pulmonary function lab consistently passed, but the exam room patient/visitor chairs consistently failed in all rounds. In adult clinics blood pressure equipment, keyboards in exam rooms and exam tables passed in all rounds and no surface consistently failed. We demonstrate the feasibility of an ATP bioluminescence assay to measure cleanliness of patient care equipment and surfaces in CF clinics. Pass rates improved after cleaning and feedback for certain surfaces. We found that surfaces are more challenging to keep clean in clinics taking care of younger patients.

15 year old female with 5 year history of Crohn's Disease (CD) ileocolitis developed increasing serum creatinine concentrations over a 6 month period. She was steroid and mesalamine (50 mg/kg/day) dependant for 1 year after diagnosis of CD prompting addition of Remicade therapy at 5 mg/kg/dose every 8 weeks. Relapsing disease continued and dose of Remiade was increased to 10 mg/kg every 8 weeks 2 years post diagnosis. Interval of administration was gradually shortened to every 4 weeks by 3 years post diagnosis. Symptoms stabilized on this regimen. However, ESR increased to 50–60 for the 6 months period (4.5–5 yrs post CD diagnosis) prior to renal disease recognition. No urinary tract symptoms noted, Creatinine 1.22 mg/dL, Creatinine Clearance 53 mL/min/1.73 m2, ANA 1:320. No other serum immune abnormalities detected. Renal Biopsy revealed active chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, mesangioproliferative immune complex glomerulopathy with focal global glomerulosclerosis. Discontinuation of Remicade and mesalamine led to rapid decrease in ESR to 11, and gradual decrease over the next year in serum creatinine to range of 0.99–1.07 mg/dL and rise in creatinine clearance to 68 mL/min/1.73 m2 which although improved continues to be compatible with quiescent chronic renal disease stage 2. Biweekly Humira 40 mg/dose was initiated 3 months after discontinuing pentasa and Remicade. Differential diagnoses of renal disease incriminate: CD, mesalamine, infliximab or autoimmune disease and or combination of these processes.MethodsClinical History recounted above.ResultsClinical History recounted above.ConclusionsIncluded in abstract.

Aims/hypothesis Characterisation of genetic variation that influences the response to glucose-lowering medications is instrumental to precision medicine for treatment of type 2 diabetes. The Study to Understand the Genetics of the Acute Response to Metformin and Glipizide in Humans (SUGAR-MGH) examined the acute response to metformin and glipizide in order to identify new pharmacogenetic associations for the response to common glucose-lowering medications in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods One thousand participants at risk for type 2 diabetes from diverse ancestries underwent sequential glipizide and metformin challenges. A genome-wide association study was performed using the Illumina Multi-Ethnic Genotyping Array. Imputation was performed with the TOPMed reference panel. Multiple linear regression using an additive model tested for association between genetic variants and primary endpoints of drug response. In a more focused analysis, we evaluated the influence of 804 unique type 2 diabetes- and glycaemic trait-associated variants on SUGAR-MGH outcomes and performed colocalisation analyses to identify shared genetic signals. Results Five genome-wide significant variants were associated with metformin or glipizide response. The strongest association was between an African ancestry-specific variant (minor allele frequency [MAF Afr ]=0.0283) at rs149403252 and lower fasting glucose at Visit 2 following metformin ( p =1.9×10 −9 ); carriers were found to have a 0.94 mmol/l larger decrease in fasting glucose. rs111770298, another African ancestry-specific variant (MAF Afr =0.0536), was associated with a reduced response to metformin ( p =2.4×10 −8 ), where carriers had a 0.29 mmol/l increase in fasting glucose compared with non-carriers, who experienced a 0.15 mmol/l decrease. This finding was validated in the Diabetes Prevention Program, where rs111770298 was associated with a worse glycaemic response to metformin: heterozygous carriers had an increase in HbA 1c of 0.08% and non-carriers had an HbA 1c increase of 0.01% after 1 year of treatment ( p =3.3×10 −3 ). We also identified associations between type 2 diabetes-associated variants and glycaemic response, including the type 2 diabetes-protective C allele of rs703972 near ZMIZ1 and increased levels of active glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) ( p =1.6×10 −5 ), supporting the role of alterations in incretin levels in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. Conclusions/interpretation We present a well-phenotyped, densely genotyped, multi-ancestry resource to study gene–drug interactions, uncover novel variation associated with response to common glucose-lowering medications and provide insight into mechanisms of action of type 2 diabetes-related variation. Data availability The complete summary statistics from this study are available at the Common Metabolic Diseases Knowledge Portal ( https://hugeamp.org ) and the GWAS Catalog ( www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/ , accession IDs: GCST90269867 to GCST90269899). Graphical Abstract

All across America on January 20, 1986, there were celebrations and school holidays in honor of the first holiday of the birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. In the county of Henrico, a suburb of Richmond, Virginia, the students were in school. Henrico's school administration and school board decided that the students should be in school learning about the contributions of Dr. King. The African American community in the suburb of Henrico County believed this was a slap in the face. The county observed birthdays for White historical figures but would not observe the first federal holiday for one of the most prominent African Americans in the 20th century. This article examines how the King holiday issue mobilized the Black community into political action. It also analyzes how African Americans are trying to secure equal rights in public policies and political representation in the increasingly diversified suburbs of the South.

The Balzacian notion of the vol décent facilitates a legally legitimate but morally suspect form of theft. The process involves a deception that leaves the victim suffering loss, with a consequential benefit accruing to the perpetrator. It pushes at the limits of legality and social acceptability whilst retaining the appearance of probity; a process that successfully works to sanction deceit and avoid retribution, legal or social. It is thereby free to contribute to a culture of creative opportunism and social cynicism. The vol décent offers a fresh perspective on La Comédie humaine, not simply as notion, process or phenomenon grounded etymologically and socioeconomically, but as heuristic capable of revealing fresh insights into Balzac’s position as narrator, observer and commentator on a Restoration society undergoing multiple transitions. Further, this thesis recognises the vol décent as a central feature of Balzac’s individual contribution to La Comédie humaine and theatre, informing both his vision and philosophy. As core heuristic, it contributes an innovative prospect that becomes a powerful tool probing the influential milieux of commercial speculation, business, theatre, private life and government institution. Within those spheres the vol décent reveals, using the operative lenses of theatricality, caricature, bureaucracy, architecture, deception and the law as facilitator of theft, a close and fresh view of socially sanctioned corruption. In the illumination of the notion of the vol décent and its capacity to inform of Balzac’s individual vision and philosophy, this research contributes an innovative insight into the complex, fundamental relationship between narrative representation, human nature, historical and environmental determinism. The open-endedness of the oxymoron, on which the phrase vol décent is based, accommodates transition, paradox and self-interest operating under a mask of legality. It questions whether the notion of the vol décent is in fact a systemic phenomenon or a basic trait of human nature.

Background The 2018 World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) 3rd expert report highlights up-to-date Cancer Prevention Recommendations that may reduce burdens of many chronic diseases, including diabetes. This study examined if following a lifestyle that aligns with the recommendations – assessed via the 2018 WCRF/AICR Score – was associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults participating in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study (DPPOS). Methods The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) randomized adults at high risk for diabetes to receive a lifestyle intervention (ILS), metformin (MET) or a placebo (PLB) (mean: 3.2 years), with additional follow-up in DPPOS for 11 years (mean: 15 years total). 2018 WCRF/AICR Scores included seven components: body weight, physical activity, plant-based foods, fast foods, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol; the optional breastfeeding component was excluded. Scores ranged 0-7 points (with greater scores indicating greater alignment with the recommendations) and were estimated at years 0, 1, 5, 6, 9, and 15 ( N =3,147). Fasting glucose and HbA1c were measured every six months and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed annually. Adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine the association of both Score changes from years 0-1 and time-dependent Score changes on diabetes risk through DPP and year 15. Results Scores improved within all groups over 15 years ( p <0.001); ILS Scores improved more than MET or PLB Scores after 1 year ( p <0.001). For every 1-unit improvement from years 0-1, there was a 31% and 15% lower diabetes risk in ILS (95% CI: 0.56-0.84) and PLB (95% CI: 0.72-0.97) through DPP, and no significant association in MET. Associations were greatest among American Indian participants, followed by non-Hispanic White and Hispanic participants. Score changes from years 0-1 and time-dependent Score changes in ILS and PLB remained associated with lower risk through year 15. Conclusions Score improvements were associated with long-term, lower diabetes risk among high-risk adults randomized to ILS and PLB, but not MET. Future research should explore impact of the Score on cancer risk. Trial registration Diabetes Prevention Program: NCT00004992 ; Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study: NCT00038727