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Annually, approximately 30 million patients are discharged from the emergency department (ED) after a traumatic event 1 . These patients are at substantial psychiatric risk, with approximately 10–20% developing one or more disorders, including anxiety, depression or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 2 – 4 . At present, no accurate method exists to predict the development of PTSD symptoms upon ED admission after trauma 5 . Accurate risk identification at the point of treatment by ED services is necessary to inform the targeted deployment of existing treatment 6 – 9 to mitigate subsequent psychopathology in high-risk populations 10 , 11 . This work reports the development and validation of an algorithm for prediction of post-traumatic stress course over 12 months using two independently collected prospective cohorts of trauma survivors from two level 1 emergency trauma centers, which uses routinely collectible data from electronic medical records, along with brief clinical assessments of the patient’s immediate stress reaction. Results demonstrate externally validated accuracy to discriminate PTSD risk with high precision. While the predictive algorithm yields useful reproducible results on two independent prospective cohorts of ED patients, future research should extend the generalizability to the broad, clinically heterogeneous ED population under conditions of routine medical care. A machine-learning algorithm using electronic medical records and self-reported measures of stress at admission to the emergency department due to trauma can predict the risk and long-term trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in two independent cohorts.

This study synthesized nano-sized TiO₂ using scrap from the TiN thin film manufacturing process by a hydrothermal reaction. By controlling the reaction temperature and concentration, the crystal structure and particle size were controlled. The solution from the TiN scrap was strongly acidic with a pH below 0. The mixed TiO₂ of rutile and anatase crystal structures was produced at a concentration of 0.08 mole. The TiO2 particle size ranged from 4 nm to 8 nm, increased from 7 nm to 140 nm after heat treatment. At temperatures above 800°C, the crystal structure of the mixed TiO2 transformed into pure rutile.

The benefits of Pathways Housing First in addressing chronic homelessness for persons with severe mental illness have been well established. However, the implementation and effectiveness of such programs in rural areas has yet to be examined. We described the model’s adaptations in Vermont, including the use of hybrid assertive community treatment–intensive case management teams, which consisted of service coordinators with geographically based caseloads (staff/client ratio of 1:20) and regional multidisciplinary specialists. The program’s innovative and widespread inclusion of technology into operations facilitated efficiency and responsiveness, and a pilot telehealth initiative supplemented in-person client visits. The program achieved a housing retention rate of 85% over approximately 3 years, and consumers reported decreased time spent homeless, demonstrating that program adaptations and technological enhancements were successful.

The 2023 Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v President and Fellows of Harvard College ruling to restrict race-based affirmative action is a landmark decision with potentially far-reaching consequences. To examine application, acceptance, and matriculation rates into doctor of medicine (MD)-granting programs before and after the 2023 SCOTUS decision. This retrospective cross-sectional study used deidentified data from the Association of American Medical Colleges on applicants and matriculants to US MD-granting medical schools 5 years before (2019-2023) and 1 year after (2024) the SCOTUS ruling. Application, acceptance, and matriculation into MD-granting programs. The study sample included 291 764 applicants to MD programs between 2019 and 2024 (162 211 identifying as female [55.59%]; 4576 American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander [1.57%], 84 122 Asian [28.83%], 34 256 Black [11.74%], 35 707 Hispanic [12.24%], and 154 621 White [53.00%]). Compared with mean acceptance rates in 2019 to 2023, acceptance rates in 2024 were higher for White (40.37% vs 47.47%; difference, 7.10 percentage points [95% CI, 6.21 to 7.98 percentage points]; P < .001) and Asian (38.26% vs 45.19%; difference, 6.93 percentage points [95% CI, 5.78 to 8.07 percentage points]; P < .001) applicants and lower for Black applicants (36.06% vs 33.08%; difference, -2.98 percentage points [95% CI, -4.74 to -1.21 percentage points]; P < .001) and underrepresented in medicine (URiM) applicants overall (39.68% vs 38.33%; difference, -1.35 percentage points [95% CI, -2.60 to -0.09 percentage points]; P = .02). No racial or ethnic difference in acceptance rates were observed in 2019 to 2023, but in 2024, URiM applicants had significantly lower acceptance rates than White (difference, -9.14 percentage points; P < .001) and Asian (difference, -6.86 percentage points; P < .001) applicants. Comparing the mean of 18 304 matriculants in 2019 to 2023 with 19 018 matriculants in 2024, White student representation decreased from 10 132 matriculants (55.35%) to 10 158 matriculants (53.41%) for a decrease of 1.94 percentage points (95% CI, -3.31 to -0.56 percentage points; P = .009), Asian student representation increased from 5102 matriculants (27.87%) to 6288 matriculants (33.06%) for an increase of by 5.19 percentages points (95% CI, 3.49 to 6.88 percentage points; P < .001), and URiM student representation decreased from 4466 matriculants (24.39%) to 3963 matriculants (20.83%) for a decrease of 3.56 percentage points (95% CI, -5.34 to -1.77 percentage points; P < .001), equating to 503 fewer URiM matriculants in 2024. Post-SCOTUS decision declines in URiM representation were concentrated in schools located in states without prior state-level affirmative action bans (mean [SD] change, -6.14 [8.93] percentage points vs 0.10 [8.11] percentage points; P < .001). In this study, URiM student matriculation into US medical schools declined after the 2023 SCOTUS ruling, with an emergent disparity in acceptance rates of URiM applicants relative to Asian and White students. The decline in URiM student matriculation was concentrated in states without a preexisting state-level affirmative action ban, suggesting that there may be an association between the SCOTUS ruling and demographic changes in matriculation.

PurposeThis study aimed to estimate the economic benefits of PM2.5 emission abatement by Red Pine, Pinus Koraiensis and Quercus, using a metering model analyzing the amount of PM2.5 absorption in Korea.Design/methodology/approachTo estimate the economic effects of PM2.5 adsorptions by trees, the frequency of hospital visits resulting from respiratory and circulatory diseases was estimated using a Probit model based on the data from National Health and Nutrition Survey.FindingsThe results show that Quercus and Pinus Koraiensis absorb and eliminate the largest amount of PM2.5. Reducing 1 ton of PM2.5 emission through the planting of trees leads to lower incidences of respiratory and circulatory diseases equivalent to the amount of 95 million won. When the trees planted are 2-year-old Red Pine, Pinus Koraiensis and Quercus, the resulting economic benefits of the PM2.5 abatement would amount to 481 million won, 173 million won and 1,027 million won, respectively. If the trees are 80 years old, the economic benefits are estimated to be 73 billion won for Red Pine, 103 billion won for Pinus Koraiensis and 38 billion won for Quercus.Research limitations/implicationsOne limitation of this study is that the weight of PM2.5 adsorbed by each leaf area entirely depended on the experimental results from a prior study and the values are likely to be different from those actually absorbed in natural surroundings. In addition, because of the lack of data from a domestic survey on the surface of leaf area or the reload flow rate of PM2.5, this study referred to data from foreign research. Unfortunately, this specific data may not reflect climatic and terrain characteristics specific to the target country. We used the annual wind speed to calculate the reload flow rate and elimination volume; however, the figures could be more accurate with hourly or daily climate variations. When estimating the health benefits of changes in PM2.5 emissions on respiratory and circulatory diseases, more segmented access to patients' hospital visits and hospital admissions are desirable. Finally, the study focused on the three major tree species of Korea, however, a more detailed study of PM2.5 reduction by various tree types is needed in the future.Originality/valueThis paper quantitatively assessed the amount of PM2.5 adsorption by each of the three tree species. Then, the economic benefits were calculated in terms of how much money would be saved on hospital visits thanks to the reduced PM2.5 levels and lower incidences of respiratory and circulatory system diseases. The net contribution of this study was to prove the trees' function of reducing PM2.5 as it relates to human health. We focused on the most common trees in Korea and compared them to provide new information on the species.

The mechanism of stimulation of noradrenaline (NA) release by nicotine (NIC) was investigated in human cerebral cortex slices preloaded with [3H]‐noradrenaline. NIC (10–1000 μM) increased [3H]‐NA release in a concentration‐dependent manner. NIC (100 μM)‐evoked [3H]‐NA release was largely dependent on external Ca2+, and was attenuated by ω‐conotoxin GVIA (0.1 μM) but not by nitrendipine (1 μM). Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and nisoxetine (0.1 μM) attenuated the NIC (100 μM)‐evoked release of [3H]‐NA. Mecamylamine (10 μM), dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (10 μM) and d‐tubocurarine (30 μM), but not α‐bungarotoxin (α‐BTX, 0.1 μM), attenuated the NIC (100 μM)‐evoked release of [3H]‐NA. NIC (100 μM)‐evoked release of [3H]‐NA was not affected by 6‐cyano‐7‐nitroquinoxaline‐2,3‐dione (CNQX, 30 μM) and D(−)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (D‐AP5, 100 μM), but attenuated by MK‐801 (10 μM). MK‐801 (0.1–1000 μM) displaced the specific binding of [3H]‐nisoxetine with Ki values of 91.2 μM. NIC (100, 300 and 1000 μM) did not induce [3H]‐D‐aspartate release in human cerebral cortex slices. NIC (100 μM)‐evoked release of [3H]‐NA was attenuated by 7‐nitroindazole (10 μM), NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester HCl (L‐NAME, 30 μM), NG‐monomethyl‐L‐arginine acetate (L‐NMMA, 300 μM). [3H]‐NA release induced by NIC (100 μM) was attenuated by methylene blue (3 μM) and 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3‐α]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ, 10 μM), and enhanced by zaprinast (30 μM). In conclusion, NIC stimulates the release of [3H]‐NA through activation of α‐BTX‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the human cerebral cortex slices and this action of NIC is associated with modulation of the NO/cGMP pathway. British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 137, 1063–1070. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704975

The biosand filter (BSF) is widely applied in developing counties as an appropriate technology-based product for supplying “safe” water. Biosand filters exhibit relatively high purifying efficiency because of the schmutzdecke (biofilm) embedded in them. However, schmutzdecke should be cleaned or discarded on a regular basis to maintain the purifying efficiency of the BSF. Due to its role in BSFs, the purifying function of schmutzdecke, rather than its potential risk when not properly discarded, has so far been the primary focus of research. This study aims to provide a risk assessment of schmutzdecke in an attempt to draw attention to a wholly new angle of schmutzdecke usage. We conducted 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify opportunistic pathogens in schmutzdecke developed using water from the Hyung-San River. The results reveal that the schmutzdecke derived from this water source contains diverse and relatively high portions of opportunistic pathogen strains; 55% of all isolates collected from schmutzdecke were identified as opportunistic pathogens. Moreover, the diversity of microorganisms is increased in the schmutzdecke compared to its water source in terms of diversity of genus, phylum and opportunistic pathogen strain. As a whole, our study indicates a potential risk associated with schmutzdecke and the necessity of a solid guideline for the after-treatment of discarded schmutzdecke.

1. The mechanism of stimulation of noradrenaline (NA) release by nicotine (NIC) was investigated in human cerebral cortex slices preloaded with 3H-noradrenaline. 2 NIC (10-1000 micro M) increased 3H-NA release in a concentration-dependent manner. 3. NIC (100 micro M)-evoked 3H-NA release was largely dependent on external Ca2+, and was attenuated by omega-conotoxin GVIA (0.1 micro M) but not by nitrendipine (1 micro M). 4. Tetrodotoxin (1 micro M) and nisoxetine (0.1 micro M) attenuated the NIC (100 micro M)-evoked release of 3H-NA. 5. Mecamylamine (10 micro M), dihydro-beta-erythroidine (10 micro M) and d-tubocurarine (30 micro M), but not alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX, 0.1 micro M), attenuated the NIC (100 micro M)-evoked release of 3H-NA. 6. NIC (100 micro M)-evoked release of 3H-NA was not affected by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX, 30 micro M) and D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5, 100 micro M), but attenuated by MK-801 (10 micro M). MK-801 (0.1-1000 micro M) displaced the specific binding of 3H-nisoxetine with K(i) values of 91.2 micro M. NIC (100, 300 and 1000 micro M) did not induce 3H-D-aspartate release in human cerebral cortex slices. 7. NIC (100 micro M)-evoked release of 3H-NA was attenuated by 7-nitroindazole (10 micro M), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester HCl (L-NAME, 30 micro M), N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (L-NMMA, 300 micro M). [(3)H]-NA release induced by NIC (100 micro M) was attenuated by methylene blue (3 micro M) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 10 micro M), and enhanced by zaprinast (30 micro M). 8. In conclusion, NIC stimulates the release of 3H-NA through activation of alpha-BTX-insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the human cerebral cortex slices and this action of NIC is associated with modulation of the NO/cGMP pathway.

Although wafer-scale polycrystalline films of insulating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) can be grown, the grain boundaries can cause both scattering or pinning of charge carriers in adjacent conducting layers that impair device performance. Lee et al. grew wafer-scale single-crystal films of hBN by feeding the precursors into molten gold films on tungsten substrates. The low solubility of boron and nitrogen in gold caused micrometer-scale grains of hBN to form that coalesced into single crystals. These films in turn supported the growth of epitaxial wafer-scale films of graphene and tungsten disulfide. Science , this issue p. 817 Single-crystalline monolayer hexagonal boron nitride films synthesized on a molten gold film served as substrates for growth of graphene and WS 2 . Although polycrystalline hexagonal boron nitride (PC-hBN) has been realized, defects and grain boundaries still cause charge scatterings and trap sites, impeding high-performance electronics. Here, we report a method of synthesizing wafer-scale single-crystalline hBN (SC-hBN) monolayer films by chemical vapor deposition. The limited solubility of boron (B) and nitrogen (N) atoms in liquid gold promotes high diffusion of adatoms on the surface of liquid at high temperature to provoke the circular hBN grains. These further evolve into closely packed unimodal grains by means of self-collimation of B and N edges inherited by electrostatic interaction between grains, eventually forming an SC-hBN film on a wafer scale. This SC-hBN film also allows for the synthesis of wafer-scale graphene/hBN heterostructure and single-crystalline tungsten disulfide.

Background Our understanding of the gut microbiota of animals is largely based on studies of mammals. To better understand the evolutionary basis of symbiotic relationships between animal hosts and indigenous microbes, it is necessary to investigate the gut microbiota of non-mammalian vertebrate species. In particular, fish have the highest species diversity among groups of vertebrates, with approximately 33,000 species. In this study, we comprehensively characterized gut bacterial communities in fish. Results We analyzed 227 individual fish representing 14 orders, 42 families, 79 genera, and 85 species. The fish gut microbiota was dominated by Proteobacteria (51.7%) and Firmicutes (13.5%), different from the dominant taxa reported in terrestrial vertebrates ( Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes ). The gut microbial community in fish was more strongly shaped by host habitat than by host taxonomy or trophic level. Using a machine learning approach trained on the microbial community composition or predicted functional profiles, we found that the host habitat exhibited the highest classification accuracy. Principal coordinate analysis revealed that the gut bacterial community of fish differs significantly from those of other vertebrate classes (reptiles, birds, and mammals). Conclusions Collectively, these data provide a reference for future studies of the gut microbiome of aquatic animals as well as insights into the relationship between fish and their gut bacteria, including the key role of host habitat and the distinct compositions in comparison with those of mammals, reptiles, and birds. 2jWna3AEmgLMLS436bvUku Video Abstract