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ZnO is a semiconductor material that has important physical and chemical properties, which are frequently and significantly enhanced by the addition of impurities, such as doping. A study of the structural properties of pristine and functionalized (i.e., doped with Antimony and Tungsten) ZnO nanoparticles has been conducted for the photocatalyst-based degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under both Ultraviolet (UV) and solar light. Authors have used a 1% concentration of dopant for doping purposes. The synthesized materials were characterized for structural analysis, functional group identification, spectroscopic measurements, and morphological examination using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized-doped materials retained the wurtzite hexagonal structure with a purity of 99%. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis data reveals the average size of pure ZnO-NPs was found to be 7 nm; after doping the size was found to be increased to 18 nm and 9.55 nm, respectively, for ZnO-W and ZnO-Sb. As per FESEM analysis results, minor morphological changes were observed after doping. The Ultraviolet Differential reflectance spectroscopy UV-DRS study revealed the confirmation of ZnO doping with antimony and tungsten, which exhibited a blue shift. The decrease in the band-gap on doping makes the ZnO-NPs more efficient for photocatalytic applications. The photocatalytic efficiency of pristine and doped ZnO-NPs catalysts for methylene blue photocatalytic degradation (PCD) was analyzed under both UV and solar irradiation. This study analyzed the effect of pH, nano-photocatalyst dose, and initial dye concentration (ICD) on the PCD of MB. The obtained analytical results showed that the ideal conditions for the PCD of MB dye are as follows: pH = 9, the quantity of the nano-photocatalyst used was 300 mg/L, and an initial MB dye dose of 10 ppm. These conditions lead to a PCD of about 91% of the MB dye by using ZnO-Sb nano-photocatalyst on exposure to solar radiation. The reusability study also revealed the stability of nano-photocatalysts. The current research may pave the way for the removal of hazardous dyes from wastewater discharged by many industries.

Due to the increased demand for clothes by the growing population, the dye-based sectors have seen fast growth in the recent decade. Among all the dyes, methylene blue dye is the most commonly used in textiles, resulting in dye effluent contamination. It is carcinogenic, which raises the stakes for the environment. The numerous sources of methylene blue dye and their effective treatment procedures are addressed in the current review. Even among nanoparticles, photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2, ZnO, and Fe3O4, have shown greater potential for photocatalytic methylene blue degradation. Such nano-sized metal oxides are the most ideal materials for the removal of water pollutants, as these materials are related to the qualities of flexibility, simplicity, efficiency, versatility, and high surface reactivity. The use of nanoparticles generated from waste materials to remediate methylene blue is highlighted in the present review.

The increased advancement in nanosciences in recent times has led to fascinating innovations. It has potential applications for altering the structural, surface, and physicochemical properties of nano-ranged metamaterials. The adaptable optical, structural, and surface characteristics of the nanoscopic regimes enhance the quality of integrated nanodevices and sensors. These are further used in optoelectronics, biomedicines, and catalysis. The use of nanomaterials for constructing nano-biosensors and various other organic and inorganic functional nanomaterials is quite promising. They have excellent electronic and surface-to-volume reactivity. Their various applications include metal and metal-oxides-based nanoparticles, clusters, wires, and 2D nanosheets as carbon nanotubes. More recently, hybrid nanomaterials are being developed to regulate sensing functionalities in the field of nanomedicine and the pharmaceutical industry. They are used as nano-markers, templates, and targeted agents. Moreover, the mechanical strength, chemical stability, durability, and flexibility of the hybrid nanomaterials make them appropriate for developing a healthy life for humans. This consists of a variety of applications, such as drug delivery, antimicrobial impacts, nutrition, orthopedics, dentistry, and fluorescence fabrics. This review article caters to the essential importance of nanoscience for biomedical applications and information for health science and research. The fundamental characteristics and functionalities of nanomaterials for particular biomedical uses are specifically addressed here.

Environmental pollution is one of the major concerns throughout the world. The rise of industrialization has increased the generation of waste materials, causing environmental degradation and threat to the health of living beings. To overcome this problem and effectively handle waste materials, proper management skills are required. Waste as a whole is not only waste, but it also holds various valuable materials that can be used again. Such useful materials or elements need to be segregated and recovered using sustainable recovery methods. Agricultural waste, industrial waste, and household waste have the potential to generate different value-added products. More specifically, the industrial waste like fly ash, gypsum waste, and red mud can be used for the recovery of alumina, silica, and zeolites. While agricultural waste like rice husks, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut shells can be used for recovery of silica, calcium, and carbon materials. In addition, domestic waste like incense stick ash and eggshell waste that is rich in calcium can be used for the recovery of calcium-related products. In agricultural, industrial, and domestic sectors, several raw materials are used; therefore, it is of high economic interest to recover valuable minerals and to process them and convert them into merchandisable products. This will not only decrease environmental pollution, it will also provide an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach for materials synthesis. These value-added materials can be used for medicine, cosmetics, electronics, catalysis, and environmental cleanup.

Bacterial strains resistant to antimicrobial treatments, such as antibiotics, have emerged as serious clinical problems, necessitating the development of novel bactericidal materials. Nanostructures with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers have appeared recently as novel antibacterial agents, which are also known as “nanoantibiotics”. Nanomaterials have been shown to exert greater antibacterial effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria across several studies. Antibacterial nanofilms for medical implants and restorative matters to prevent bacterial harm and antibacterial vaccinations to control bacterial infections are examples of nanoparticle applications in the biomedical sectors. The development of unique nanostructures, such as nanocrystals and nanostructured materials, is an exciting step in alternative efforts to manage microorganisms because these materials provide disrupted antibacterial effects, including better biocompatibility, as opposed to minor molecular antimicrobial systems, which have short-term functions and are poisonous. Although the mechanism of action of nanoparticles (NPs) is unknown, scientific suggestions include the oxidative-reductive phenomenon, reactive ionic metals, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Many synchronized gene transformations in the same bacterial cell are essential for antibacterial resistance to emerge; thus, bacterial cells find it difficult to build resistance to nanoparticles. Therefore, nanomaterials are considered as advanced solution tools for the fields of medical science and allied health science. The current review emphasizes the importance of nanoparticles and various nanosized materials as antimicrobial agents based on their size, nature, etc.

Dyes are toxic organic compounds released as effluent from various industries that need proper treatment as they pose serious hazards to the environment and living beings, including humans. Nanocomposites can be employed as photocatalysts for the elimination of such organic compounds from wastewater. One such attempt is made in this present research study, where a zinc-based nanocomposite has been fabricated for the elimination of the methylene blue dye (MB). For the development of nanocomposite, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were prepared to utilize Allium sativa peel (garlic skin) extract, which was further processed to develop ZnO/kaolin clay NC. ZnONPs and ZnO/kaolin clay NC formation have been confirmed by UV–Vis spectral bands at 379 nm and 423 nm. The NC was rod-shaped, with width of 60–100 nm and length of 200–800 nm and an average size of 50.0 ± 0.58 nm. Both materials were compared for their efficacy in photocatalytic degradation of the MB under solar light irradiation. ZnONPs removed 65% of MB, whereas the degradation efficiency of ZnO/clay NC was calculated to be 96% for 10 ppm MB. A kinetics study for photocatalytic degradation of MB using both nanomaterials showed that the photocatalytic degradation followed the pseudo-first-order (PFO) type of reaction. This investigation represents an expeditious, lucrative, ecological, and appropriate technique for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials for the remediation of diverse organic pollutants.

In this paper, we report the synthesis and development of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials for the removal of Methylene blue dye. During the study, Allium Sativa skin (garlic skin) was used to evaluate their potential for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The remaining biomass of garlic skin was further processed to isolate cellulose. The purest form of the cellulose was obtained, and further acid hydrolysis was carried out to obtain nanocrystalline cellulose (CNCs). The ZnO NPs and CNCs were used to develop ZnO/CNCs nanocomposite. The formation of nanomaterials has been confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, UV DRS, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, TEM, BET, AFM, and TGA. The comparative study was carried out for the removal of Methylene blue dye using synthesized and developed nanostructures under solar light irradiation. Different concentrations of dyes 10 ppm, 25 ppm, and 50 ppm were taken during the study. TEM confirms the formation of the rod- and hexagonal-shaped nanoparticles having an average size of 7.77 nm for ZnO NPs and 59.51 nm for ZnO/CNCs nanocomposite. BET analysis also confirms the increased surface area of nanocomposite than bare ZnO. Bare ZnO can degrade about 65.87% of dye, while 88.62% degradation was achieved in the case of ZnO/CNCs nanocomposite for 10 ppm dye concentration under solar light irradiation. It was observed that the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue dye is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. The highest dye degradation was achieved at alkaline pH (pH 9). A kinetic study was carried out for the photocatalytic degradation which denotes the pseudo-first-order type of reaction. Our work showed a rapid, cost-effective, eco-safety, and suitable method for the development of different potential nanomaterials for the removal of organic contaminants. Graphic abstract

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have gained much attention in recent years due to their remarkable features. Among nanoparticles, photocatalytic material, such as zinc oxide, have shown tremendous applications in each and every field of science. In the present research, investigators have synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) using Scallion’s peel extract. ZnONPs were both spherical and rod-shaped, where the size for spherical particles was 40–100 nm and rod-shaped, particles size was more than 200 nm as confirmed by microscopic techniques. The typical trademark bands of ZnONPs at 400–800 cm−1 were revealed by infrared spectroscopy, which also showed bands of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The hydrodynamic size by particle size analyzer (PSA) shows a size near about 200 nm in diameter. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnONPs were used to assess their potential as a micronutrient for the plant and nano adsorbent for the removal of antibiotics (ampicillin) and methylene blue dye from the simulated wastewater. The antibiotic and dye removal were observed under UV light and visible light against contact time. In comparison to control seeds, seeds grown with ZnONPs have shown better germination and seedling. It could be concluded that ZnONPs acted as an important nanosized source of nutrition for agricultural applications. Thus, the effect of ZnONPs has been proven as a nano-based nutrient source for agricultural purposes. The remediation study found that remediation of both ampicillin and methylene blue dye was efficient under UV light under similar experimental parameters from the simulated wastewater by the ZnONPs.

In the past few years, noble metal-based 2D nanomaterials particularly Ag and Au enriched carbon nitrides have seen advanced catalytic actions and reactivity. These composite nanostructures’ chemical and physical characteristics have been applied to improve the targeted functionalities in healthcare and medical sciences. Many scientists and experts were inspired to study their foundational technologies in the medicinal industries via architectural and surface modifications by doping of noble nanoparticles. Here, we have provided fundamental ideas for structuring Ag and Au decorated CNs (carbon nitrides) by studying their morphological and modified surface properties for biomedical applications. There is a vast spectrum of publications that discusses the peculiarities of CNs and noble metal’s key discoveries. The impact of surface plasmons resonance (SPR) is an essential factor for noble metals and that is why it is focused extensively for better performance in biomedical sectors. The elemental combinations on the CNs surfaces and their morphological status were found to be much more efficient which is broadly discussed. The fabrication techniques, structural characterizations, and SPR role of Ag and Au are addressed including fundamental concepts followed by many suitable examples under this review.

Nanomaterials have gained huge applications ever since their discoveries, especially in the field of electronics, medicine, research, and environmental cleanup. Nanomaterials have a high surface area-to-volume ratio along with high surface energies making them suitable for such wide applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanocomposite (CNC) materials are remarkable nanomaterials that have become the backbone of most industries these days. Both materials have gained huge attention in the last decade by the scientific community. CNTs come in two variants, i.e., single-walled CNTs (SW-CNTS) and multiwalled CNTs (MW-CNTs). Due to their wider applications, CNT synthesis is currently emerging with the advancement in technology. Currently, CNTs are being synthesized by chemical as well as physical approaches. The current review article focuses on the vital research and application for the synthesis of CNTs depending on the quality of the nanotube materials. Controlled routes to their organization and assembly are also discussed in detail over here. The aim is to provide recent advances in the synthesis methods, of CNTs, their current applications, future applications, and the potential of agrowaste and industrial waste for the synthesis of CNTs and nanomaterials.