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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess whether there is any difference in the genetic association between Class II division 1 (div. 1) and division 2 (div. 2) malocclusions using PAX9 (rs8004560) gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Material and Methods: Sixty patients from the Orthodontics department of Subharti Dental College and Hospital (Meerut, India) were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Class II div. 1 malocclusion) and Group 2 (Class II div. 2 malocclusion). Then, 3 mL of blood was collected from each participant. DNA extraction was done, and Sanger Sequencing was performed from extracted DNA samples. Results: A statistically significant difference was found in the distribution of alleles among Class II div. 1 and Class II div. 2 malocclusions. The homozygous GG allele was the most prevalent among Class II div. 1 patients (76.7%), while the heterozygous AG allele was the most prevalent among Class II div. 2 patients (53.5%). Since GG was the most prevalent allele, it was used as a reference, and AA/AG were compared with GG to confirm the association. The results showed that individuals with the AG genotype seemed to be more susceptible to the development of skeletal Class II div. 2 malocclusion. Conclusion: The homozygous GG allele was the most prevalent among Class II div. 1 patients, while the heterozygous AG allele was the most prevalent among Class II div. 2 patients, suggesting that there could be a difference between the genetic association of both malocclusions. RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se há alguma diferença na associação genética entre as más oclusões de Classe II divisão 1 (div. 1) e divisão 2 (div. 2), usando o polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único (SNP) do gene PAX9 (rs8004560). Material e Métodos: Sessenta pacientes do departamento de Ortodontia do Subharti Dental College and Hospital (Meerut, Índia) foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (má oclusão de Classe II div. 1) e Grupo 2 (má oclusão de Classe II div. 2). Em seguida, 3 mL de sangue foram coletados de cada participante. Foi feita a extração de DNA e foi realizado o sequenciamento Sanger a partir das amostras de DNA extraídas. Resultados: Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada na distribuição de alelos entre as más oclusões de Classe II div. 1 e Classe II div. 2. O alelo homozigoto GG foi o mais prevalente entre os pacientes Classe II div. 1 (76,7%), enquanto o alelo heterozigoto AG foi o mais prevalente entre os pacientes Classe II div. 2 (53,5%). Como GG foi o alelo mais prevalente, ele foi utilizado como referência, e AA/AG foram comparados com GG para confirmar a associação. Os resultados mostraram que os indivíduos com o genótipo AG pareciam ser mais suscetíveis ao desenvolvimento de má oclusão Classe II div. 2 esquelética. Conclusão: O alelo homozigoto GG foi o mais prevalente entre os pacientes Classe II div. 1, enquanto o alelo heterozigoto AG foi o mais prevalente entre os pacientes Classe II div. 2, sugerindo que poderia haver uma diferença entre a associação genética de ambas as más oclusões.

The paper documents occurrence, origin and significance of glauconite-rich intervals at certain specific stratigraphic levels within Early to Middle Eocene Sylhet Formation of Assam and Assam–Arakan Basin. The microfacies with which glauconite is associated are fossiliferous silty shale, glauconitic sandstone, lime mudstone–wackestone and wackestone–packstone. The glauconites occur in three forms, viz ., glauconite pellets, infillings within bioclasts and cements (i.e., non-pellet stringers and blebs), representing a complete spectrum of maturity with presence of four types, nascent, slightly evolved, evolved and highly evolved varieties. The elliptical, immatured pellets occur in glauconitic sandstone and exhibit yellowish-green to grass green colour, while relatively matured pellets are dark brownish green to brown, irregular, broken and mostly associated with shale. The Sylhet glauconites indicate deposition in a tide-affected marginal marine to inner-shelf carbonate ramp with low sedimentation rate, and normal marine salinity and represent an overall fining-up 2nd order TST. High-resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis allows to subdivide the 2nd order TST into 3rd order systems tracts: (i) a basal TST, represented by shale/limestone, (ii) an HST incorporating sandstone, limestone and shale, and (iii) a TST at the top. The intervening 3rd order HST is further subdivided into 4th order parasequence sets separated by marine flooding surfaces. Electrolog correlation reveals that the ubiquitous presence of glauconite-rich horizons corresponds to marine flooding events (MFE) of 3rd and 4th order sea-level changes. The glauconites associated with MFE result in a condensed section with minimum sediment supply and provide a key parameter to build the sequence stratigraphic architecture. The occurrences of green clays may possibly owe their origin due to migration of K + /Fe 2+ ions from seawater or surrounding sediments to a given reducing microsystem centered on organic debris. The sources of K and Fe are seawater and detrital minerals, respectively, and are achieved by the diffusion-nucleation-crystal growth process.

Galactose-deficient immunoglobulin A1 (Gd-IgA1) deposition in the renal mesangium plays a role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy. To assess the serum Gd-IgA1 level in biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy cases at diagnosis and 3 months post treatment and its relation with histologic Oxford classification. In this hospital-based prospective cohort study, 40 cases and 20 controls were enrolled. Serum samples of biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy cases collected on the day of biopsy and 3 months post treatment were evaluated. Solid-phase ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) was performed for assessment of Gd-IgA1 level. All renal biopsies were scored by using the Oxford classification (C-MEST score). The association of serum Gd-IgA1 levels with other established prognostic parameters was assessed. To estimate the prognostic value of markers, logistic regression analysis and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (analysis of variance) were used. A significant difference was observed in the serum Gd-IgA1 level values in the IgA nephropathy cases and healthy controls (P = .001) at baseline. However, no significant correlation between serum Gd-IgA1 levels at baseline and 3 months of follow-up (P = .31) or between baseline levels and age, proteinuria, hematuria, or estimated glomerular filtration rate was noted. There was no significant correlation between C-MEST score and serum Gd-IgA1 levels at baseline (P > .05); however, the distribution of Gd-IgA1 at 3 months was found to differ significantly between different grades of S score (P = .008). Serum Gd-IgA1 levels may be of utility in predicting disease progression in IgA nephropathy cases. Measurement of serum Gd-IgA1 levels for the diagnosis and prognosis of IgA nephropathy may preclude the need for invasive renal biopsies.

During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) surveillance played a crucial role in evaluating infection rates, analyzing variants, and identifying hot spots in a community. This expanded the possibilities for using wastewater to monitor the prevalence of infectious diseases. The full potential of WBE remains hindered by several factors, such as a lack of information on the survival of pathogens in sewage, heterogenicity of wastewater matrices, inconsistent sampling practices, lack of standard test methods, and variable sensitivity of analytical techniques. In this study, we review the aforementioned challenges, cost implications, process automation, and prospects of WBE for full-fledged wastewater-based community health screening. A comprehensive literature survey was conducted using relevant keywords, and peer reviewed articles pertinent to our research focus were selected for this review with the aim of serving as a reference for research related to wastewater monitoring for early epidemic detection.

This paper proposes an approach to improve the performance of medical image compression while satisfying the medical team who uses it without of any significant loss in the diagnostability of the image. This thesis is focused on selecting the most appropriate wavelet function for a given type of biomedical image compression. The authors studied the behavior of different type of wavelet function with different type of biomedical images and suggested the most appropriate wavelet function that can perform optimum compression for a given type of biomedical image. To analyze the performance of the wavelet function with the biomedical images, the authors fixed the loss amount of the data in the compressed image and calculated their respective compression ratio. The wavelet function that gives the maximum compression for a specific type of biomedical image will be the most appropriate wavelet for that type of biomedical image compression.

Urban waterlogging, especially post-monsoon, exacerbates environmental, economic and public health problems in rapidly urbanizing areas. This study employed UAV-based orthophotography and bathymetric data to examine waterlogging risks along the Ghazipur Drain in Delhi, India. High-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) with a 5 cm ground sampling distance and bathymetric profiles revealed considerable drainage losses and sedimentation that reduced channel capacity by 25%. This key finding quantifies the extent of hydraulic degradation and is vital for informing infrastructural needs. A map from the study highlights approximately 1,120 settlements in the low-lying areas, including Kalyan Puri, Jafrabad, Seelampur, and Karawal Nagar, at the highest flood risk during the monsoon months due to poor drainage and a high degree of urbanization. This highlights the scale of precarious urban living and the demand for action. When combined with bathymetry, UAV data are highly beneficial for acquiring the path, elevation, and bottom features of these outflows, revealing issues such as sedimentation and obstacles. Orthophotos (pixel resolution = 0.05 m) provide detailed urban infrastructure visualizations, including drainage systems, to enable site-specific interventions, such as dredging and channel widening. These high-resolution datasets provide a strong evidence base for operational planning and resource allocation. This method emphasizes the social and economic implications of waterlogging, such as property damage, transport disruption, and growing health hazards from waterborne diseases, which profoundly impact low- to middle-income communities. As described in this study, the influence of UAV-bathymetry in urban drainage research can be considerable. This has accurately integrated data from UAVs in flood risk management activities and led to urban systems planning with a higher resilience level. This will translate into actionable insights to improve drainage infrastructure, reduce flood hazards, and increase urban resilience, which is useful information for planners and policymakers. This result confirms that UAV-bathymetry is a scalable, precise, and low-cost solution for urban waterlogging in fast-developing cities worldwide.

Influence of age on lead-induced oxidative stress was investigated in young, adult, and old rats maintained on 0.2% lead acetate (2000 ppm lead) in drinking water for 3 mo. The lead-induced depletion of blood and liver reduced glutathione was about equal in young and adult but not in old rats. The increases in blood, liver, and brain oxidized glutathione and blood and liver superoxide dismutase levels were related to the accumulation of lead in these tissues and followed the order young > adult > old. The lead-induced inhibition of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity, lowering in hemoglobin, and enhanced urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid were independent of variation in age. The results indicate that young rats may be most sensitive, whereas old rats may be most resistant to some of the oxidative effects of lead examined, which may be related to the accumulation of lead.

In this study, silver nanoparticle-embedded NiFe 2 O 4 /polyaniline ternary nanocomposites were prepared via chemical in situ polymerization. The synthesized nanocomposites were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), four-probe resistivity (FPR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and vector network analyzer (VNA). XRD, FTIR, and HR-TEM analyses showed comprehensive structural and morphological evidences for as-prepared ternary compositions with varying particle size (~ 45 to 60 nm). The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites was significantly affected by the mixing of silver nanoparticles in FPR results. VSM study revealed that the prepared nanocomposites exhibit ferromagnetism at room temperature due to existence of ferrite nanoparticles. TGA indicated the enhanced thermal stability of the resulting products with increasing ratio of ferrite and silver contents. VNA study demonstrated the remarkable shielding performance (SE ~ 35.17 dB) of obtained samples with a sample thickness of 2.0 mm in the frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz, which is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of polyaniline, nickel ferrite, and silver particles. These results indicated that these composite materials with ideal electromagnetic properties are best suited for EMI shielding applications.

Background Cross-species horizontal gene transfer (HGT) involves the transfer of genetic material between different species of organisms. In recent years, mounting evidence has emerged that cross-species HGT does take place and may play a role in the development and progression of diseases. Methods Transcriptomic data obtained from patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) was assessed for the differential expression of antisense RNAs (asRNAs). The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used for cross-species analysis with viral, bacterial, fungal, and ancient human genomes to elucidate the evolutionary cross species origins of these differential asRNAs. Functional enrichment analysis and text mining were conducted and a network of asRNAs targeting mRNAs was constructed to understand the function of differential asRNAs better. Results A total of 17 differentially expressed antisense RNAs (asRNAs) were identified in gallbladder cancer tissue compared to that of normal gallbladder. BLAST analysis of 15 of these asRNAs (AFAP1-AS1, HMGA2-AS1, MNX1-AS1, SLC2A1-AS1, BBOX1-AS1, ELFN1-AS1, TRPM2-AS, DNAH17-AS1, DCST1-AS1, VPS9D1-AS1, MIR1-1HG-AS1, HAND2-AS1, PGM5P4-AS1, PGM5P3-AS1, and MAGI2-AS) showed varying degree of similarities with bacterial and viral genomes, except for UNC5B-AS1 and SOX21-AS1, which were conserved during evolution. Two of these 15 asRNAs, (VPS9D1-AS1 and SLC2A1-AS1) exhibited a high degree of similarity with viral genomes (Chikungunya virus, Human immunodeficiency virus 1, Stealth virus 1, and Zika virus) and bacterial genomes including ( Staphylococcus sp., Bradyrhizobium sp., Pasteurella multocida sp., and , Klebsiella pneumoniae sp .), indicating potential HGT during evolution. Conclusion The results provide novel evidence supporting the hypothesis that differentially expressed asRNAs in GBC exhibit varying sequence similarity with bacterial, viral, and ancient human genomes, indicating a potential shared evolutionary origin. These non-coding genes are enriched with methylation and were found to be associated with cancer-related pathways, including the P53 and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways, suggesting their possible involvement in tumor development.