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Drawing on fieldwork in Greece, we examine the politics and practices of autonomous volunteering in the context of the migration crisis. This involves individuals engaging in activities to support migrants through non-registered, self-organized and self-governed groups that work independent from and in some cases, even in opposition to NGOs. We consider autonomous volunteering as a form of collective action and argue that it constitutes an alternative humanitarianism. While recent literature has sought to identify the rise of emergent practices of alternative humanitarianism in Europe, research has often overlooked how autonomous volunteers distinguish themselves from, relate to and collaborate with NGOs and conversely, how NGOs view and engage with them. We found that despite their critiques of NGOs and their determination to work independently, there were instances of cooperation between autonomous volunteers and NGOs. These interactions did not become substantive alliances, as the work of NGOs and autonomous volunteers continued to be disconnected from each other.

Migrant care workers make a substantial contribution to older adult care in Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK). However, little is known about the relational aspects of care involving migrant care workers and older people. Given that the care relationship is closely linked to quality of care, and that the Irish and UK sectors are increasingly restricted by economic austerity measures, this lack of information is a concern for care practice and policy. Our paper explores the relationship between migrant care workers and older people in Ireland and the UK and draws on data collected in both countries, including focus groups with older people (N = 41), interviews with migrant care workers (N = 90) and data from a survey of and interviews with employers. The findings illustrate the complexity of the migrant care worker–older person relationship; the prevalence of need orientated, friendship and familial-like, reciprocal, and discriminatory interlinking themes; and the role of individual, structural and temporal factors in shaping these relationships.

This article contributes to an understanding of how conditionality applies across social security and immigration policies in restricting the access to social benefits of national citizens, EU and non-EU citizens. Specifically, the article builds on Clasen and Clegg's (2007) framework of conditionality in the context of welfare state reform by extending that conceptual framework to include migration. The framework is applied to examine how different levels of conditionality have been implemented in UK policy reforms to restrict access to rights of residence and to social benefits. It is argued that a conditionality approach moves beyond a binary of citizens and migrants in social policy analysis, contributing to an understanding of the dynamics and interactions of work-related conditions in restricting access to social benefits, with implications for inequalities that cut across national, EU and non-EU citizens in terms of the relationship of particular groups to the market.

01 02 Across the world, the provision of care faces mounting challenges – what has been widely referred to as a 'crisis of care'. In the global North, international migrants have increasingly supplemented the unpaid or low-paid care labour of women – as domestic workers, nannies, care assistants and nurses – in the private sphere of the home and in publicly and privately funded care services. This volume brings together international scholars on migration and care to examine the global construction of migrant care labour. The volume makes connections across theory, policy and politics with respect to care, work and migration; the inequalities of gender, race/ethnicity, class, nationality and immigration status that migrant care labour embodies; the inequalities between the global North and South, different regions and countries; the different institutional contexts of care labour that cut across the public and the private; and the different sites of political mobilisation and governance that have developed around migration and care work. 04 02 Introduction; Isabel Shutes and Bridget Anderson PART I: THEORISING MIGRANT CARE LABOUR 1. Making Connections across the Transnational Political Economy of Care; Fiona Williams 2. Nation Building: Domestic Labour and Immigration Controls in the UK; Bridget Anderson 3. The Construction of Migrant Domestic Workers as ''One of the Family''; Rhacel Salazar Parreñas PART II: THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS OF MIGRANT CARE LABOUR 4. Three Domains of Migrant Domestic Care Work: The Interplay of Care, Employment and Migration Policies in Austria; Gudrun Bauer, Bettina Haidinger and August Österle 5. A Right to Care? Immigration Controls and the Care Labour of Non-Citizens; Isabel Shutes 6. Resisting the Crisis at What Cost? Migrant Care Workers in Private Households; Zyab Ibáñez and Margarita León 7. Supermaids: The Racial Branding of Global Filipino Care Labour; Anna Romina Guevarra 8. Transnational Households: Migrants and Care, at Home and Abroad; Sarah van Walsum and Maybritt Jill Alpes PART III: GOVERNANCE AND POLITICAL MOBILISATION ACROSS CARE, WORK AND MIGRATION 9. Towards Flexibility with Security for Migrant Care Workers: A Comparative Analysis of Personal Home Care in Toronto and Los Angeles; Cynthia Cranford 10. The Global Governance of Domestic Work; Guy Mundlak and Hila Shamir Conclusion; Bridget Anderson and Isabel Shutes 13 02 Bridget Anderson is Professor of Migration and Citizenship and Deputy Director of the Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS) at the University of Oxford, UK. Isabel Shutes is Assistant Professor of Social Policy at the London School of Economics and Political Science, UK. Her research interests focus on welfare states and migration, social divisions and inequalities, particularly with regard to citizenship and immigration status, care provision and the mixed economy of welfare. 02 02 The provision of care has been widely referred to as facing a 'crisis'. International migrants are increasingly relied upon to provide care – as domestic workers, nannies, care assistants and nurses. This international volume examines the global construction of migrant care labour and how it manifests itself in different contexts.

The employment of migrant workers in long-term care is increasingly evident across western welfare states. This article examines the ways in which immigration controls shape the exercising of choice and control by migrant care workers over their labour. It draws on the findings of in-depth interviews with migrant care workers employed by residential and home care providers and by older people and their families in the UK. It is argued that the differential rights accorded to migrants on the basis of citizenship and immigration status shape, first, entry into particular types of care work, second, powers of ‘exit’ within work, and, third, ‘voice’ regarding the conditions under which care labour is provided.

Improving the responsiveness of service providers to the needs of users has been a principal aim of welfare state reform. In the context of employment provision, this article explores the effects of a job outcome-oriented performance system on the responsiveness of providers to the needs of unemployed refugees. These effects concern, first, the type of refugees to whom providers are responsive and, second, the type of employment assistance provided. It is argued that an emphasis on short-term job outcomes may conflict with supporting refugees who are ‘harder to help’, particularly those with English language needs. It may also conflict with supporting refugees to access employment related to their skills and interests by encouraging providers to focus on placing refugees in ‘easy to access’, low-skilled and low-paid jobs. The effects may, therefore, serve to reproduce labour market inequalities experienced by refugees.

Within the article by Shutes (first published online, 15 September 2011) the Author's affiliation was incorrectly inserted during the production process. The correct affiliation is the ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford, and the Department of Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science. The publisher apologises for any inconvenience this has caused.

In recent decades, rapid population ageing has dramatically increased the need for older adult care provision in the UK. A prominent role in meeting the care needs of the older population has been played by migrant workers. The aim of this paper is to explore the characteristics of the UK social care system that shape demand for migrant labour, the conditions under which migrant care workers are employed, and older people’s and migrant care workers’ experiences of the quality of care. Our analysis draws on the findings of a survey of providers of social care for older people, in-depth interviews with migrant care workers, and focus groups with older people. The findings show that the underfunding of social care and interrelated workforce shortages are largely responsible for the extensive reliance on migrant workers among social care providers, and raise concerns for workforce inequalities and for the quality of care.