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Evolutionary computation algorithms are employed to minimize functions with large number of variables.Biogeography-based optimization (BBO) is an optimization algorithm that is based on the science of biogeography, which researches the migration patterns of species.These migration paradigms provide the main logic behind BBO.

Using Japanese-influenced cartoon characters as illustrations, this book gives young scientists basic information about the study of microbiology.

Nuclear intermediate filament networks formed by A- and B-type lamins are major components of the nucleoskeleton that are required for nuclear structure and function, with many links to human physiology. Mutations in lamins cause diverse human diseases (‘laminopathies’). At least 54 partners interact with human A-type lamins directly or indirectly. The less studied human lamins B1 and B2 have 23 and seven reported partners, respectively. These interactions are likely to be regulated at least in part by lamin post-translational modifications. This review summarizes the binding partners and post-translational modifications of human lamins and discusses their known or potential implications for lamin function.

Describes different types of dinosaurs.

One control challenge in prosthetic legs is seamless transition from one gait mode to another. User intent recognition (UIR) is a high-level controller that tells a low-level controller to switch to the identified activity mode, depending on the user’s intent and environment. We propose a new framework to design an optimal UIR system with simultaneous maximum performance and minimum complexity for gait mode recognition. We use multi-objective optimization (MOO) to find an optimal feature subset that creates a trade-off between these two conflicting objectives. The main contribution of this paper is two-fold: (1) a new gradient-based multi-objective feature selection (GMOFS) method for optimal UIR design; and (2) the application of advanced evolutionary MOO methods for UIR. GMOFS is an embedded method that simultaneously performs feature selection and classification by incorporating an elastic net in multilayer perceptron neural network training. Experimental data are collected from six subjects, including three able-bodied subjects and three transfemoral amputees. We implement GMOFS and four variants of multi-objective biogeography-based optimization (MOBBO) for optimal feature subset selection, and we compare their performances using normalized hypervolume and relative coverage. GMOFS demonstrates competitive performance compared to the four MOBBO methods. We achieve a mean classification accuracy of 97.14 % ± 1.51 % and 98.45 % ± 1.22 % with the optimal selected subset for able-bodied and amputee subjects, respectively, while using only 23% of the available features. Results thus indicate the potential of advanced optimization methods to simultaneously achieve accurate, reliable, and compact UIR for locomotion mode detection of lower-limb amputees with prostheses.

A comprehensive guide to the fifty U.S. states and U.S. territories includes fun facts about each state, including their mottos, state birds, flags, and state flowers.

Integrated power ICs acting as smart power switches for automotive or industrial applications are often subjected to active thermal cycling. Consequently, they undergo significant self-heating and are prone to various failure mechanisms related to the electro-thermo-mechanical phenomena that take place in the device metallization. In this article a test structure consisting of a lateral DMOS transistor equipped with several integrated sensors is proposed for metallization fatigue assessment. The design of the test structure is presented in detail, alongside with design considerations drawn from the literature and from simulation results. The testing procedure is then described, and experimental results are discussed. The experimental data provided by the integrated sensors correlated with the electro-thermal simulation results indicate the emergence of a failure mechanism and this is later confirmed by failure analysis. Conclusions are further drawn regarding the feasibility of using the proposed integrated sensors for monitoring defects in power ICs.

Uses cartoon-style characters to introduce readers to topics related to space exploration and the spacecraft that have been used for it.

Key Points The cytoskeleton is mechanically anchored to various adhesion complexes that span the nuclear envelope, including LINC (links the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes and lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1)–luminal domain like LAP1 (LULL1)–torsin complexes. Nuclear envelope adhesions are, in turn, mechanically coupled to the nucleoskeleton. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are fundamentally connected to the genome and gene expression via pore-linked filaments, which branch and extend at least 350 nm into the nucleoplasm, connect to the nucleolus and mediate myosin- and actin-dependent export. A-type and B-type lamins form separate networks of intermediate filaments. A long-term challenge in the field is to resolve how nuclear intermediate filaments organize in relation to the nuclear envelope, chromatin, NPCs and other nucleoskeletal structures and organelles. Lamins A, B1 and B2 have distinct tissue-specific expression patterns and cell-type-specific roles, including signalling. B-type lamins are mysterious contributors to genome function. Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy maps to six genes, including LMNA (which encodes A-type lamins) and emerin ( EMD ), identifying a group of proteins that may be responsible for mechanotransduction in muscle nuclei. A matrix formed by nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) proteins may provide a three-dimensional scaffold for other nucleoskeletal structures and chromosomes. The nucleoskeleton includes crosslinking proteins, such as spectrins and protein 4.1, which have links to NuMA and proposed elastic roles in the nucleoskeleton. Other spectrin-repeat nucleoskeletal proteins include nesprins (nuclear envelope spectrin-repeat proteins), muscle-specific A-kinase anchor protein (mAKAP) and bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BPAG1). Titin binds lamins directly and is essential for mitotic chromosome condensation. Actin is required for transcription, chromatin remodelling, nuclear envelope assembly, nuclear export and movement within the nucleus. Actin forms unconventional polymers in the nucleus, and is regulated by more than 30 actin-binding proteins. The mechanisms by which actin polymers form and function in the nucleus are largely unknown and might be evolutionarily ancient. Ten molecular motors (six myosins and four kinesins) localize in the nucleus. Nuclear myosin Ic is required for transcription by all three DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, as well as for other roles. Open questions include the nuclear functions of several unconventional myosins, including myosin Va, myosin Vb, myosin VI, myosin XVI and myosin XVIIIb. Kinesins in the nucleus have enigmatic functions, possibly including roles in genome organization and movement. During mitosis, the nucleoskeleton dynamically reorganizes to form the spindle matrix and actively support chromosome condensation and segregation. Most nucleoskeletal components and functions are currently invisible to genome-scale analysis owing to lack of appropriate annotation for bioinformatics analysis. Use of the term nucleoskeleton for this field of research would therefore help to progress the field. The diverse components of the nucleoskeleton provide physical links, and allow communication, between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus. Together, they form dynamic networks that regulate the shape and mechanical properties of the nucleus and control nuclear function, including gene expression. In the cytosol, actin polymers, intermediate filaments and microtubules can anchor to cell surface adhesions and interlink to form intricate networks. This cytoskeleton is anchored to the nucleus through LINC (links the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes that span the nuclear envelope and in turn anchor to networks of filaments in the nucleus. The metazoan nucleoskeleton includes nuclear pore-linked filaments, A-type and B-type lamin intermediate filaments, nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) networks, spectrins, titin, 'unconventional' polymers of actin and at least ten different myosin and kinesin motors. These elements constitute a poorly understood 'network of networks' that dynamically reorganizes during mitosis and is responsible for genome organization and integrity.