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"Simon, T."
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Platinum group metal-free catalysts boost cost competitiveness of fuel cell vehicles
PGM-free catalysts for oxygen reduction represent a long-term, high-risk research and development approach with high potential impact on the single greatest cost contributor to automotive fuel cell stacks.
Journal Article
Transcriptional regulation by MYC: an emerging new model
The transcription factor MYC has long been recognized for its pivotal role in transcriptional regulation of genes fundamental for cellular processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, and metabolism. Dysregulation of MYC activity is implicated in various diseases, most notably cancer, where MYC drives uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth. Despite its significant role in cancer biology, targeting MYC for therapeutic purposes has been challenging due to its highly disordered protein structure. Hence, recent research efforts have focused on identifying the transcriptional mechanisms underlying MYC function to identify alternative strategies for intervention. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of how MYC orchestrates context-dependent and -independent gene-regulatory activities in cancer. Based on recent insights into the gene-regulatory function of MYC at enhancers, we propose an extension of the gene-specific affinity model. In this revised model, MYC enhancer activity drives context-specific gene programs that are distinct from the ubiquitously activated set of core MYC target genes driven by MYC promoter binding. The increased MYC enhancer activity in cancer and the distinct function of MYC at these regions compared to promoters may provide an opportunity for designing therapeutic approaches selectively targeting MYC enhancer activity in cancer cells.
Journal Article
The design and statistical analysis of animal experiments
\"Written for animal researchers, this book provides a comprehensive guide to the design and statistical analysis of animal experiments. It has long been recognised that the proper implementation of these techniques helps reduce the number of animals needed. By using real-life examples to make them more accessible, this book explains the statistical tools employed by practitioners. A wide range of design types are considered, including block, factorial, nested, cross-over, dose-escalation and repeated measures and techniques are introduced to analyse the experimental data generated. Each analysis technique is described in non-mathematical terms, helping readers without a statistical background to understand key techniques such as t-tests, ANOVA, repeated measures, analysis of covariance, multiple comparison tests, non-parametric and survival analysis. This is also the first text to describe technical aspects of InVivoStat, a powerful open-source software package developed by the authors to enable animal researchers to analyse their data and obtain informative results\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Group 2i Isochrysidales produce characteristic alkenones reflecting sea ice distribution
Alkenones are biomarkers produced solely by algae in the order Isochrysidales that have been used to reconstruct sea surface temperature (SST) since the 1980s. However, alkenone based SST reconstructions in the northern high latitude oceans show significant bias towards warmer temperatures in core-tops, diverge from other SST proxies in down core records, and are often accompanied by anomalously high relative abundance of the C37 tetra-unsaturated methyl alkenone (%C37:4). Elevated %C37:4 is widely interpreted as an indicator of low sea surface salinity from polar water masses, but its biological source has thus far remained elusive. Here we identify a lineage of Isochrysidales that is responsible for elevated C37:4 methyl alkenone in the northern high latitude oceans through next-generation sequencing and lab-culture experiments. This Isochrysidales lineage co-occurs widely with sea ice in marine environments and is distinct from other known marine alkenone-producers, namely Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica. More importantly, the %C37:4 in seawater filtered particulate organic matter and surface sediments is significantly correlated with annual mean sea ice concentrations. In sediment cores from the Svalbard region, the %C37:4 concentration aligns with the Greenland temperature record and other qualitative regional sea ice records spanning the past 14 kyrs, reflecting sea ice concentrations quantitatively. Our findings imply that %C37:4 is a powerful proxy for reconstructing sea ice conditions in the high latitude oceans on thousand- and, potentially, on million-year timescales.
Journal Article
Handbook on teaching and learning in political science and international relations
With a focus on providing concrete teaching strategies for scholars, this handbook blends both theory and practice in an accessible and clear manner. In an effort to help faculty excel as classroom teachers, the contributors offer representation from various types of institutions located throughout the world. Split into three distinct parts, it discusses: curriculum and course design teaching subject areas in class teaching techniques.
Book
Impact of interannual and multidecadal trends on methane-climate feedbacks and sensitivity
We estimate the causal contributions of spatiotemporal changes in temperature (
T
) and precipitation (
Pr
) to changes in Earth’s atmospheric methane concentration (
C
CH4
) and its isotope ratio
δ
13
C
H
4
over the last four decades. We identify oscillations between positive and negative feedbacks, showing that both contribute to increasing
C
CH4
. Interannually, increased emissions via positive feedbacks (e.g. wetland emissions and wildfires) with higher land surface air temperature (
LSAT
) are often followed by increasing
C
CH4
due to weakened methane sink via atmospheric
•
OH, via negative feedbacks with lowered sea surface temperatures (
SST
), especially in the tropics. Over decadal time scales, we find alternating rate-limiting factors for methane oxidation: when
C
CH4
is limiting, positive methane-climate feedback via direct oceanic emissions dominates; when
•
OH is limiting, negative feedback is favoured. Incorporating the interannually increasing
C
CH4
via negative feedbacks gives historical methane-climate feedback sensitivity ≈ 0.08 W m
−2
°C
−1
, much higher than the IPCC AR6 estimate.
Record-breaking rates of increasing atmospheric methane concentrations in 2020 and 2021 are alarming, but puzzling, in view of declining methane emissions from fossil fuel in 2020. The authors show that interannual variation of both positive and negative feedbacks contribute positively to the rising methane concentration.
Journal Article
Pressure promoted low-temperature melting of metal–organic frameworks
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are microporous materials with huge potential for chemical processes. Structural collapse at high pressure, and transitions to liquid states at high temperature, have recently been observed in the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) family of MOFs. Here, we show that simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature conditions result in complex behaviour in ZIF-62 and ZIF-4, with distinct high- and low-density amorphous phases occurring over different regions of the pressure–temperature phase diagram. In situ powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and optical microscopy reveal that the stability of the liquid MOF state expands substantially towards lower temperatures at intermediate, industrially achievable pressures and first-principles molecular dynamics show that softening of the framework coordination with pressure makes melting thermodynamically easier. Furthermore, the MOF glass formed by melt quenching the high-temperature liquid possesses permanent, accessible porosity. Our results thus imply a route to the synthesis of functional MOF glasses at low temperatures, avoiding decomposition on heating at ambient pressure.The simultaneous high-pressure and high-temperature phase diagram of two MOFs, ZIF-4 and ZIF-62, is mapped. Crystalline, pressure- and temperature-amorphous, and liquid states are found, while melting temperature is found to decrease with pressure.
Journal Article