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Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application
Nanotechnology is a new and emerging technology with wealth of applications. It involves the synthesis and application of materials having one of the dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm. A wide variety of physico–chemical approaches are being used these days for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). However, biogenic reduction of metal precursors to produce corresponding NPs is eco-friendly, less expensive, free of chemical contaminants for medical and biological applications where purity of NPs is of major concern. Biogenic reduction is a “Bottom Up” approach similar to chemical reduction where a reducing agent is replaced by extract of a natural products with inherent stabilizing, growth terminating and capping properties. Furthermore, the nature of biological entities in different concentrations in combination with reducing organic agents influence the size and shape of NPs. Present review focuses on microbes or plants based green synthesis of Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Pd, Ru, PbS, CdS, CuO, CeO₂, Fe₃O₄, TiO₂, and ZnO NPs and their potential applications.
Journal Article
Development and validation of a high-density ‘Amahysnp’ genotyping array in grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus)
Background
Grain amaranth has recently gained global attention as a promising crop alternative to traditional cereals due to its nutritional value and adaptability to various growing conditions. Although gene banks conserve extensive collections of amaranth germplasm, the genomic and phenotypic characterization of these resources is limited, which hinders their full utilization in breeding programs. A major challenge is the lack of high-throughput genotyping assays essential for comprehensive genomic characterization and trait mapping. High-density SNP arrays have become standard tools for genome-wide analysis across multiple loci, enabling molecular breeding across a range of crop species.
Results
In this study, we developed a 64 K high-throughput SNP genotyping array named “AmahySNP”, using Affymetrix
®
Axiom
®
technology. The array contains 64,069 high-density SNPs distributed across both genic (55.17%) and non-genic (44.83%) regions of the
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
genome. The genic region includes 8,879 genes, which consist of 4,830 single-copy genes and 4,049 multi-copy genes distributed across 16 scaffolds. These genes cover various functional regions, including exons (10.5%), introns (40.1%), 5’UTRs (1.6%), and 3’UTRs (2.9%), respectively. The AmahySNP array was effectively utilized for population structure analysis, genetic diversity studies, core development, and genome wide association studies (GWAS) in amaranth germplasm. A representative core set of 112 accessions was identified, which includes two released varieties (Annapurna and Suvarna) and 100 diverse accessions from 12 different regions, representing 12% of the total 917 accessions evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three major genetic clusters, independent of their geographical origins. GWAS conducted using 22,763 polymorphic SNPs from 540 genotypes identified 13 novel loci associated days to flowering (DTF) trait, seven of which were located within annotated genes.
Conclusions
The AmahySNP 64 K SNP chip a valuable genomic tool for amaranth research and breeding with a strong potential to accelerate its genetic improvement. It enables high-throughput genotyping for a wide range of applications, including GWAS and other genomic studies, and will significantly advance the exploration of natural genetic variations. Ultimately, this resource will empower amaranth breeders to develop improved amaranth cultivars with enhanced crop yield, resilience, and nutritional quality, contributing to global food security and sustainable agriculture.
Journal Article
The Simpsons and their mathematical secrets
\"Offers ... new insights into the celebrated television series The Simpsons: that the show drip-feeds morsels of number theory into the minds of its viewers--indeed, that there are so many mathematical references in the show, and in its sister program, Futurama, that they could form the basis of an entire university course\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Conjoint application of nano-urea with conventional fertilizers: An energy efficient and environmentally robust approach for sustainable crop production
One of the biggest challenges to be addressed in world agriculture is low nitrogen (N) use efficiency (<40%). To address this issue, researchers have repeatedly underlined the need for greater emphasis on the development and promotion of energy efficient, and environmentally sound novel fertilizers, in addition to improved agronomic management to augment nutrient use efficiency for restoring soil fertility and increasing farm profit. Hence, a fixed plot field experiment was conducted to assess the economic and environmental competency of conventional fertilizers with and without nano-urea (novel fertilizer) in two predominant cropping systems
viz
., maize-wheat and pearl millet-mustard under semi-arid regions of India. Result indicates that the supply of 75% recommended N with conventional fertilizer along with nano-urea spray (N
75
PK+nano-urea) reduced the energy requirement by ~8–11% and increased energy use efficiency by ~6–9% over 100% nitrogen through prilled urea fertilizer (business as usual). Furthermore, the application of N
75
PK+ nano-urea exhibited ~14% higher economic yields in all the crops compared with N
50
PK+ nano-urea. Application of N
75
PK+nano-urea registered comparable soil N and dehydrogenase activities (35.8 μg TPF g
-1
24 hrs
-1
across all crops) over the conventional fertilization (N
100
PK). This indicates that application of foliar spray of nano-urea with 75% N is a soil supportive production approach. More interestingly, two foliar sprays of nano-urea curtailed nitrogen load by 25% without any yield penalty, besides reducing the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from 164.2 to 416.5 kg CO
2
-eq ha
-1
under different crops. Therefore, the application of nano-urea along with 75% N through prilled urea is an energy efficient, environmentally robust and economically feasible nutrient management approach for sustainable crop production.
Journal Article
How to draw the fastest, coolest cars
Shows how to draw a range of four-wheeled rides using a few simple shapes and smart techniques. Also shows how to customize your cars with spoilers, graphics, and other features.
Book
Enhancing early detection of neurological and developmental disorders and provision of intervention in low-resource settings in Uttar Pradesh, India: study protocol of the G.A.N.E.S.H. programme
IntroductionAround 9% of India’s children under six are diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders. Low-resource, rural communities often lack programmes for early identification and intervention. The Prechtl General Movement Assessment (GMA) is regarded as the best clinical tool to predict cerebral palsy in infants <5 months. In addition, children with developmental delay, intellectual disabilities, late detected genetic disorders or autism spectrum disorder show abnormal general movements (GMs) during infancy. General Movement Assessment in Neonates for Early Identification and Intervention, Social Support and Health Awareness (G.A.N.E.S.H.) aims to (1) provide evidence as to whether community health workers can support the identification of infants at high-risk for neurological and developmental disorders and disabilities, (2) monitor further development in those infants and (3) initiate early and targeted intervention procedures.MethodsThis 3-year observational cohort study will comprise at least 2000 infants born across four districts of Uttar Pradesh, India. Community health workers, certified for GMA, video record and assess the infants’ GMs twice, that is, within 2 months after birth and at 3–5 months. In case of abnormal GMs and/or reduced MOSs, infants are further examined by a paediatrician and a neurologist. If necessary, early intervention strategies (treatment as usual) are introduced. After paediatric and neurodevelopmental assessments at 12–24 months, outcomes are categorised as normal or neurological/developmental disorders. Research objective (1): to relate the GMA to the outcome at 12–24 months. Research objective (2): to investigate the impact of predefined exposures. Research objective (3): to evaluate the interscorer agreement of GMA.Ethics and disseminationG.A.N.E.S.H. received ethics approval from the Indian Government Chief Medical Officers of Varanasi and Mirzapur and from the Ramakrishna Mission Home of Service in Varanasi. GMA is a worldwide used diagnostic tool, approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Graz, Austria (27-388 ex 14/15). Apart from peer-reviewed publications, we are planning to deploy G.A.N.E.S.H. in other vulnerable settings.
Journal Article
Determinants for progression from asymptomatic infection to symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis: A cohort study
Asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections outnumber clinical presentations, however the predictors for development of active disease are not well known. We aimed to identify serological, immunological and genetic markers for progression from L. donovani infection to clinical Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL).
We enrolled all residents >2 years of age in 27 VL endemic villages in Bihar (India). Blood samples collected on filter paper on two occasions 6-12 months apart, were tested for antibodies against L. donovani with rK39-ELISA and DAT. Sero converters, (negative for both tests in the first round but positive on either of the two during the second round) and controls (negative on both tests on both occasions) were followed for three years. At the start of follow-up venous blood was collected for the following tests: DAT, rK39- ELISA, Quantiferon assay, SNP/HLA genotyping and L.donovani specific quantitative PCR.
Among 1,606 subjects enrolled,17 (8/476 seroconverters and 9/1,130 controls) developed VL (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.1-8.3). High DAT and rK39 ELISA antibody titers as well as positive qPCR were strongly and significantly associated with progression from seroconversion to VL with odds ratios of 19.1, 30.3 and 20.9 respectively. Most VL cases arose early (median 5 months) during follow-up.
We confirmed the strong association between high DAT and/or rK39 titers and progression to disease among asymptomatic subjects and identified qPCR as an additional predictor. Low predictive values do not warrant prophylactic treatment but as most progressed to VL early during follow-up, careful oberservation of these subjects for at least 6 months is indicated.
Journal Article